Final Exam Review - Early Middle Ages to Wars of Religion

A collection of key terms and definitions from the lecture, focusing on the period from the early Middle Ages through the wars of religion, as reviewed in preparation for the final exam.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern part of the Roman Empire, considered Roman by its citizens.

Justinian's Code

Legal code sponsored by Emperor Justinian that unified the laws of the Byzantine Empire.

Carolingian Dynasty

Dynasty ruling Western Europe, known for dividing land among male heirs, impacting stability.

Charlemagne

Most important figure of the Carolingian dynasty, crowned emperor on Christmas Day.

Medieval Optimum

Period around 1100-1200 when climate was warmer, extending the growing season.

Great Schism

Division of the Christian church in 1054, creating Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.

Crusades

Military campaigns initiated to reclaim the Holy Land, influenced by a desire for religious reconciliation.

Alchemy

Medieval science focused on transformation of substances and seeking universal medicines.

Humanism

Renaissance movement emphasizing human potential and achievements over religious themes.

Anabaptists

Protestant sect advocating for adult baptism and pacifism.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church's response to Reformation, reaffirming traditional teachings and reforming corrupt practices.

Nepotism

Favoritism granted to relatives in church offices.

Tax system for serfs

Serfs owe their lords protection and a percentage of their crops in exchange for land and defense.

Motte and Bailey castle

Early castle design with a raised area for defense and a lower area for living and storage.

Wars of Religion

Conflicts in Europe characterized by religious motivations intertwined with political ambitions.

"Cuius regio, eius religio"

Latin principle indicating that a ruler's religion dictates the religion of their realm.

FiFifty-five Peace

Agreement in 1555 allowing princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose their territory's religion.

Spanish Armada

Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain to invade England, ultimately defeated by the English.