Final Exam Review - Early Middle Ages to Wars of Religion

Date and Time: December 3 at 01:00
Location: Classroom Building 2, Room 207
Format: 35 questions covering material from the early Middle Ages through the Wars of Religion
Materials Required: Pink Scantron and a pencil
Reminders: Expect reminders about the exam as the date approaches

Anonymity: The official survey is anonymous with no extra credit; completion is appreciated for goodwill.

Self-Identification: People in the Byzantine Empire considered themselves Roman, not Byzantine.
Historians' Terminology: The term "Byzantine" is used to distinguish an era, not a self-identification, as they viewed themselves as Romans.
Emperor Justinian:
- Notable for creating Justinian's Code, a legal code that revised laws across the empire into one system.
- Expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest territorial extent, including North Africa and Italy.

Succession Practice: The Carolingian dynasty divided land among all male heirs.
- The oldest son received the noble titles and a larger share of land.
- This division led to instability, with ongoing conflicts among brothers.
Charlemagne:
- The most prominent figure in the Carolingian dynasty, crowned emperor on Christmas Day in 800 AD.
- Displeased by the Pope's conferral of the title, emphasizing direct authority over papal influence.

Raiding and Trading: Vikings engaged in both raiding (to capture valuables and enslaved individuals) and trading with places like Constantinople.

Definition: Refers to a warmer climate around 1100-1200 AD, which extended the growing season.
Impacts:
- Allowed for crop planting earlier and harvesting later.
- Enabled farming in northern latitudes previously unsuitable for agriculture, leading to population growth due to better nutrition and health.
Agricultural Innovations:
- Introductions such as the horse collar, the three-field system, and the iron plow contributed to increased food production.

Start of Crusades: Linked to the Great Schism (1054), leading to a division between the Western Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
Call for Help: The Byzantine Emperor appealed to the Pope for assistance against the Ottoman Empire, aiming for church unity.
Motivations of Crusaders:
- Wealth, glory, and religious pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
- Aimed to secure access for Christians, showcasing devotion to God.
Success of Crusades:
- The First Crusade was successful in capturing Jerusalem, while later Crusades often failed.
End of Crusades: Ultimately, no lasting Christian control was established, with territories falling back to the Ottoman Empire post-Crusades.

Purpose of Castles: Not only for defense but also to project power and prestige.
Types of Defensive Architecture:
- Motte and Bailey: Contains a raised earth mound (motte) and an enclosed courtyard (bailey).
- Stone Keep: A fortified structure made of stone, stronger than motte and bailey.
- Concentric Castles: Multiple rings of walls for increased defense.
Features:
- Machicolations: Overhanging structures from which defenders could drop items on attackers.
- Murder Holes: Holes in gates to drop heavy objects on intruders.
- Crenulations: The notched top of walls allowing defenders to shoot from cover.
- Arrow Slits: Narrow openings in walls allowing archers to shoot without exposing themselves.

Roles:
- Those who fight (nobility)
- Those who pray (clergy)
- Those who work (peasants)
The assumption of mutual support among these roles.

Women Religious: Options for women to live independently from men, making their own choices within a community.
Serfs and Lords: Serfs owed labor and taxes to lords in exchange for protection. Lords provided legal systems for the serfs.

Jousting: Knights competing on horseback to knock each other off using lances.
Melee: A more chaotic competition where knights captured each other, with opportunities for ransoms.

Conflict Between Kings and Popes: Centers around authority—king vs. pope regarding control over spiritual and secular matters.
Avignon Papacy: The papacy moved to Avignon due to safety concerns and proximity to the French king.
The Black Plague: Limited medical knowledge led to various ineffective treatments, including quarantine and superstition-based practices.

Renaissance Education:
- Subjects emphasized both practical (e.g. accounting) and liberal arts (e.g. rhetoric).
- Shift from a God-centered to a human-centered understanding of education.
Humanism: Focus on understanding humanity and the universe over divine matters.
Renaissance Art Techniques:
- Realism: Achieved through perspective, depth, and lighting techniques.
- Contrapposto: The pose that implies movement.

Definition of Alchemy: Medieval science aimed at transmutation and the pursuit of a universal cure, viewed similarly to other medieval sciences at the time.
Artistic Techniques:
- Chiaroscuro: Contrast of light and dark.
- Sfumato and Linear Perspective: Techniques to create depth in art.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses: Critique of indulgences and church corruption along with theological challenges to Catholic doctrine.
Anabaptists: Distinct for adult baptism and pacifism.
Catholic Response:
- Efforts to reform corrupt practices through the Council of Trent and the creation of a multi-language Bible.

Motivation for Wars: Religion intertwined with traditional motives like dynastic succession and economic gain.
Peace of Augsburg (1555): Allowed princes to choose the religion of their realm, promoting coexistence among different faiths.
Philip II of Spain: Motivated by personal ambition and desire to reinstate Catholicism in England, leading to the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England.