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What is one of the most common sources of wrongful convictions?

Mistaken Eyewitnesses

Encoding Problems in Memory

Ability to attend

Focus of attention

Personally relevant, emotionally impactful, vivid

Total Recall

It's difficult to pay attention to everything that you see and remember it

Yet, eyewitness testimony and memory are critical

Storage Problems in Memory

Memory involves active regeneration of information

Events are often stored and recalled as a 'narrative', since it's more easy to remember

Retrieval Problems in Memory

Memory decays over time

Personal Relevance and rehearsal are often remembered, however, since they mattered

Recall vs Recognition

Recalling is more difficult

Recognition is easier because when you see a stimuli/queue, events can come back to you

Retelling memories

We're comfortable with telling stories— this has the impact of reinforcement as well, just like core memories

When people retell their memories, they tend to be more _______ to misleading suggestions

Resistant

Why is it difficult to judge multiple accounts in the courtroom?

Judges and juries need to make sense of many divergent accounts, and put together a story that makes sense altogether

In the courtroom, it is easy to mistakenly attribute ________

Causation (illusory correlation)

"He killed this person because he IS a criminal, plain and simple."

This is an example of...

Fundamental Attribution error

Information that is learned early on often has a _______ effect

Anchoring/perseverance effect

Defense Lawyers tend to use ______ language

Abstract Language; this makes them sound smart = correct

Prosecution Lawyers tend to use more ______ language

Aggressive language; it emphasizes what they're saying, and draws attention to their point

"How much of the FIGHT did you see?"

This is an example of an ______-_______ question

Emotion-inducing question

What are the three general positions of the Misinformation Effect?

Misinformation Acceptance Hypothesis, Source Misattribution Hypothesis, Memory Impairment Hypothesis

The Memory Impairment Hypothesis refers to an original memory being replaced with _____, _______ information

new, incorrect information

In the Misinformation Acceptance Hypothesis, _______ information is provided because the witness _______ what the officer or experimenter wants the report to be

incorrect; guesses

The Source Misattribution hypothesis is the explanation for when the witness has two memories: the ______ and the ______. The witness cannot remember the origin of either memory.

original, misinformation

A misinformation effect might take place during the following scenario:

a) an officer asks a witness, "did you see THE gun rather than asking a more neutral question, did you se A gun?"

b) a discrepancy between witnesses, where a witness may change their own report to make it consistent with everyone else's

c) an office incorporating an incorrect detail from a previous witness's account; "what was the perpetrator with the scar wearing?", which makes the next witness report the incorrect info that the perp had a scar when there in fact was none

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Hypnosis may be helpful when an eyewitness is unable to recall information due to being ______

traumatized

In a survey of 10 forensic hypnosis experts, how many of them felt that hypnosis could help witnesses remember crime details?

All of them

It is assumed that a person under hypnosis is able to ______ memories that are otherwise ______

retrieve; inaccessible

A hypnotized witness maybe able to produce a greater number of details than a nonhypnotized witness; this phenomenon is termed ______ ______ ______

hypnotically refreshed memory

When the riots ended following the Rodney King verdict, how bad was the damage?

Asians and Latinos accounted for majority of the casualties, over 1B in damage, neighbourhoods destroyed

The jury composition of Rodney King was comprised of what types of individuals?

Conservative, pro-police

The jury was emotionally _____ by the Rodney King case, leading to segregation between racial communities and class

Triggered

In the Rodney King case, ______ of what occurred was key in swaying the jury

Interpretation

Was the expert testimony tested in the Rodney King case?

No

The Rodney King case is a prime example of the importance of which of the following factors in jury proceedings?

a) discrimination, interpretation, segregation

b) recall, obedience, jury discrimination

c) jury composition, emotional triggering, interpretation

c) jury composition, emotional triggering, interpretation

What was unique about the jury in the Rodney King case?

They were strangers that were put into groups;

they were given a very specific task where they needed to come to a unified agreement

Jury processes involve conformity, which is an example of _______ influence

Majority influence

People who have high status tend to draw more obedience, which is an example of ________ influence

authority influence

In 12 angry men, the juror that believed the suspect was innocent became but influential to his peers; his defiance convinced the other jurors one by one to switch sides as well. This is an example of _______ ________

minority influence

A minority is more effective to moving towards ______ than conviction _______, because _______ only requires the removal of doubt, whilst ______ requires the creation of doubt

Acquittal; conviction

Group polarization occurs when more people lean towards a certain side. This happens because when others individuals in your group _______ your suspicions, you become more _______

reinforce; confident

The phenomenon called 'Groupthink' occurs when

Group cohesion leads to overconfidence

"We are smarter, more moral and correct; our opponents are not."

This is an example of:

a) hive mind

b) anti-communism

c) rationalization

d) groupthink

e) c and d

e) c and d

Cuba's conformity to communism and Russia upset a part of the population and left for America. JFK and his cabinet hatched a plan to send these individuals back to Cuba and have them riot which he believed the US would profit from. This didn't work, and in hindsight it wasn't a smart plan at all, but at the time JFK and his men believed wholeheartedly that their idea would work. This is an example of the phenomenon called _________

Groupthink

What are some of the consequences surrounding groupthinking?

Conformity of pressure, illusion of unanimity, rationalization of decision

The Legal System often _______ memory reliability

overestimates

One of the primary challenges with determining the accuracy of a child witness's report is detecting if they are _____

fabricating

The accuracy of a child witness's report is highly dependent on...

how they're asked to report

Children's testimonies are controversial because of the _______ in power

imbalance

In CSA, ______ with the abuser makes it harder for the victim to tell someone what is happening

rapport

Stephen, Ceci and Bruck found that when prompting children to answer whether they had experienced certain events, ____ % of children made up memories (which they believed to be real, in some cases)

58% of children (in the sample)

Davies, Tarrant and Flin found that _____ children recall fewer items than _____ children

younger; older

According to Davies, Tarrant, and Flin, when asked to recall a suspect's facial features, older children are more likely mention:

a) the suspect's hair

b) the suspect's ears

c) the suspect's nose

c) the suspect's nose

In multiple eyewitness studies, including Davies, Ellis, Sporer, and Pozzulo, _____ was a dominant descriptor focused on by both children and adults

hair

_____, ______, and ____ are descriptors that children often have trouble recalling

a) height, gender and age

b) internal, external and neutral features

c) interior, exterior and middle features

d) height, weight and age

d) height, weight and age