frq

availability heuristic

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
relying on recent exposure or frequency

belief bias

the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

belief perseverance

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

deductive reasoning

the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations

difference threshold

amount in whic someone can tell difference between 2 sounds (which one is louder)

divergent thinking

questions can have multiple responses, encourages creativity, and directly opposes functional fixedness

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

explicit memory

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

fixed-interval schedule (or reinforcement)

set time

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

funcional fixedness

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously(unconcious)

inductive reasoning

start with data then form a general theory

insight learning

the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

long-term potentiation

neural basis of memory-connections are strengthened over time w repeated stimulation

Metacognition

thinking about thinking-problem solving strategies

mnemonics

learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues (chunking and acronyms)

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

negative punishment

take away something good to decrease behavior

negative reinforcement

avoid smth bad to increase behaviors

observational learning

learning by observing others

over justification effect

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

positive punishment

add smth BAD to decrease behavior

positive reinforcement

add smth good to inrease behaviour

primary reinforcer

reward needed to survive food, water

token reinforcer

things u can exchange for other goods (money,coins)

secondary reinforcer

things you want but dont need (duck, stickers)

proactive interference

old blocks new

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

representative heuristic

making inferences or predictions based on experience (stereotypes)

retroactive interference

new blocks old

retrospective memory

remembering information from the past

Schemas

your idea of what somthing should do or look like

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Shaping

gradual training until they can do desired behavior, done through rewarding successive approximations (steps toward goal)

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

variable-interval schedule

random amount of time

variable-ratio schedule

random number of responses