SHAREDGENETICS-LEC-MODULE-1-2.docx

The study of genes, which are the blueprint of life, determining an individual's traits and unique set of genes.

Genetics

The passing of traits from parents to offspring, influencing the appearance and behavior of the offspring.

Heredity

Molecules holding genetic information, providing instructions for cells to grow, survive, and reproduce.

DNA

The set of genes determining an individual's observable traits, known as the phenotype.

Genotype

Observable features of an organism, reflecting the interaction between genes and the environment.

Phenotype

Differences in traits among individuals, including species characteristics and individual characteristics.

Variations

Differences in physical traits or anatomical features among individuals.

Morphological Variation

Variances in biochemical and biophysical processes affecting an organism's functions.

Physiological Variation

Differences in behavioral patterns and reactions to the environment.

Behavioral Variation

Phenotypic characteristics related to an organism's reproductive capacity and associated features.

Sexual Variation

Gradual differences in characteristics among individuals, like height or weight.

Continuous Variation

Distinct differences in traits, such as tongue-rolling ability or sex.

Discontinuous Variation

Factors influencing traits passed down from parents to offspring.

Genes (Inherited)

External factors impacting an organism's traits, like physical deformities or obesity.

Environment (Acquired)

Produces energy for cells through oxidative metabolism.

Mitochondrion

Collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell.

Golgi complex

Tiny factories that produce proteins in a cell.

Ribosomes

Storage area for fats and other substances in a cell.

Vacuole

Vesicle containing enzymes for specific reactions like detoxification.

Peroxisome

Organelles aiding in cell division.

Centriole

Contains genetic information for inherited characteristics.

DNA

Smooth and rough areas for material movement and storage.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Site for digestion of cell nutrients.

Lysosome

Jelly-like fluid containing organelles in a cell.

Cytoplasm

Double-layered structure allowing material passage in and out of the cell.

Cell Membrane

All living things are made of cells, the smallest working units that come from preexisting cells.

Cell Theory

Series of events leading to cell division and DNA replication.

Cell Cycle

Preparatory stage between cell divisions.

Interphase

Process of cell replication and division.

Mitosis

Cell division reducing chromosome number in gametes.

Meiosis

Increased through meiosis, leading to unique gene combinations.

Genetic Variation

Body tissues and organs cells undergoing mitosis.

Somatic Cell

Reproduction cells with haploid chromosomes undergoing meiosis.

Germinal Cells

Threadlike structures carrying genomic information in the nucleus.

Chromosome