Music History Test 2

Baroque Dates

1600-1750

Baroque literally translates to

"Misshapen pearl"

Baroques characteristics

drama, emotion, virtuoso, shakespeare

first opera house

1637, Venice Italy

demand for

sheet music, instruments, lessons

public pays for

tickets and subscriptions

"secunda prattica"

second practice: counterpoint broken
surprise dissonance (monteverdi)

polarity between

bass and melody

basso continuo notation

figured bass

concerto medium

"to reach an agreement" voices and instruments

equal temperament

more common

harmony was thought of in

chords

introduced and explored more commonly

chromaticism

organists could change

length of pieces

could be deleted or added from operas

arias

opera literally means

work

what was the model for opera

greek tragedy

Giralamo Mei believed Greek tragedies were

Sung in full

first opera

Peri's Dafne 1598

Peri's Euridice

opera, 1602

first great opera

Monteverdi's Orfeo, 1607
Mantua, Italy

form of orfeo

songs are in strophic variation

orfeo: each verse separated by

retonello

why is Orfeo important

first successful opera
instruments specified in score

___ becomes the center for opera developments in the 1620s

Rome

extended finales for each act, including

choral singing and dancing

castrato singers

snip snip

main composers of venetian opera

cesti
cavalli

singers "in charge" titled

diva

ricecar becomes

fugue

fugue means

flight

ricecar means

to seek out

stretto

repeating subject before subject finishes

canzona (Italian, song)

becomes Sonata (sounded)

dance music becomes

suite

french called a suite

partita

movements of a suite

improvisatory (prelude)
allemande (german=dance)
courante (french=running, triple meter)
sarabande (slow dance, very bridgerton)
gigue (fast, dotted rhythm)

2 improvisatory types

toccata - to touch, fast, virtuosic, showy, short
prelude- beginning

catholic sacred music characteristics

concertato medium
basso continuo
stile antico

grand concerto

large work for singers and instrumentalist, often 2 or more choirs

cori spezzati

spaced out choir

concerto for few voices

small work for few voices and continuo (sometimes violin)
more common
covent music

sacred oratorio

a sacred drama sung throughout with recitatives, arias, ensembles, instrumental preludes
derives from opera

how is oratorio different than opera

oratorio has no costume/staging
chorus can take on different characters
there is a narrator (tenor male)

leading composer of sacred oratorio is

carissimi

more characteristics of sacred oratorio

biblical text (a lot of old testament)
solo and choral singing

oratorio latino is

latin

oratorio volgare is

Italian

brought opera over from italy

cardinal mazarin

Perrin

1620-1665
librettist
owned patent = monopoly

Lully

1632-1687
actually Italian
bought patent from perrin- took over french opera
jerk
member of famous palace orchestra
ballet dancer
owned patents on instrumental AND dance music in france
wanted to look good

lully called his operas

tragedies lyriques

Lully's librettist was

Philippe Quinault

charcteristics of Lully's Operas

dancing
participation of the chorus
more spectacular scenery
less distinction between recit. and aria
more instruments

French overture

very influential
2 large parts: slow-fast
slow: dotted rhythms
fast: polyphonic
originated from dance music

overdotting

dotted notes is performed longer than notated, second note is shorter

agrements

brief ornamentation
more sophisticated

why did english opera start so late (1660)

2 popular genres already
masques and semi-operas

drama always considered ____

more important that music

English opera equals ____

Henry Purcell (1659-1695)

Dido and Aeneas

1689
Purcell
invention of ground bass

corelli

1653-1713
all surviving works are instrumental

2 main types of sonatas from corelli

sonata da chiesa
sonata da camara

lyricism over ____

virtuosity

naples

a-lot of castrati singers/ farinelli/ scarlatti
academic

rome

instrumental music was big here

venice

street musicians/ amateurs/festivals

small orchestras develop for special occasions which leads to

concerto

what instrument is in the middle of concerto setup

harpsichord

types of concerto

orchestral concerto: movements
concerto grosso (i): small group against large group
solo concerto: orchestra and soloist (often violin)

most famous concerto composer

Vivaldi 1678-1741

characteristics of vivaldi

virtuosic violinist
master teacher
violin concertos

il prete rosso

the red priest

vivaldi composed how many concerto

500

about ___ concertos are for a solo instrument

350

vivaldi orchestra set-up

20-25 stringed instrument
divided into 4 parts (v1,v2,c,sb)
liked using pizzicato and muted strings

most concertos are in how many movements

3

strong, clearer

forms

strong___

cadences

_____ texture

homophonic

concise_____

themes

____ slow movements

"aria-esque" "aria-like"

representations of nature: creeks, birds, storms, etc. Earliest example of

program music

J.S. Bach dates

1685-1750

known as a ___ and a ____

organist, teacher

studied with

Buxtehude

Had __ kids

20

had how many musical periods

4

teaching works were called

didactic works

total Bach Cello Suites

6

publication dates of "Well-Tempered Clavier"

1722, 1740

Handel dates

1685-1759

what he's known for

traveling
getting paid
opera seria
english oratorio (invented)
instrumental music
greatest choral composer?

spent his "matured" year in ____

England 1712-1759

Handels first major opera was

Rinaldo 1711

characteristics of handels opera

recit. were called secco recits.
principle role called primadonna
ornamentation in aias called colortura( like a cadenza)

English don't like ___

opera seria anymore in 1720s

Handel created english oratorios based on___

well-known biblical stories

handel incorporated

french classical drama
ancient greek tragedy
german passion
english anthem
italian recit + arias

prominent use of ____

chorus