Baroque Dates
1600-1750
Baroque literally translates to
"Misshapen pearl"
Baroques characteristics
drama, emotion, virtuoso, shakespeare
first opera house
1637, Venice Italy
demand for
sheet music, instruments, lessons
public pays for
tickets and subscriptions
"secunda prattica"
second practice: counterpoint broken surprise dissonance (monteverdi)
polarity between
bass and melody
basso continuo notation
figured bass
concerto medium
"to reach an agreement" voices and instruments
equal temperament
more common
harmony was thought of in
chords
introduced and explored more commonly
chromaticism
organists could change
length of pieces
could be deleted or added from operas
arias
opera literally means
work
what was the model for opera
greek tragedy
Giralamo Mei believed Greek tragedies were
Sung in full
first opera
Peri's Dafne 1598
Peri's Euridice
opera, 1602
first great opera
Monteverdi's Orfeo, 1607 Mantua, Italy
form of orfeo
songs are in strophic variation
orfeo: each verse separated by
retonello
why is Orfeo important
first successful opera instruments specified in score
___ becomes the center for opera developments in the 1620s
Rome
extended finales for each act, including
choral singing and dancing
castrato singers
snip snip
main composers of venetian opera
cesti cavalli
singers "in charge" titled
diva
ricecar becomes
fugue
fugue means
flight
ricecar means
to seek out
stretto
repeating subject before subject finishes
canzona (Italian, song)
becomes Sonata (sounded)
dance music becomes
suite
french called a suite
partita
movements of a suite
improvisatory (prelude) allemande (german=dance) courante (french=running, triple meter) sarabande (slow dance, very bridgerton) gigue (fast, dotted rhythm)
2 improvisatory types
toccata - to touch, fast, virtuosic, showy, short prelude- beginning
catholic sacred music characteristics
concertato medium basso continuo stile antico
grand concerto
large work for singers and instrumentalist, often 2 or more choirs
cori spezzati
spaced out choir
concerto for few voices
small work for few voices and continuo (sometimes violin) more common covent music
sacred oratorio
a sacred drama sung throughout with recitatives, arias, ensembles, instrumental preludes derives from opera
how is oratorio different than opera
oratorio has no costume/staging chorus can take on different characters there is a narrator (tenor male)
leading composer of sacred oratorio is
carissimi
more characteristics of sacred oratorio
biblical text (a lot of old testament) solo and choral singing
oratorio latino is
latin
oratorio volgare is
Italian
brought opera over from italy
cardinal mazarin
Perrin
1620-1665 librettist owned patent = monopoly
Lully
1632-1687 actually Italian bought patent from perrin- took over french opera jerk member of famous palace orchestra ballet dancer owned patents on instrumental AND dance music in france wanted to look good
lully called his operas
tragedies lyriques
Lully's librettist was
Philippe Quinault
charcteristics of Lully's Operas
dancing participation of the chorus more spectacular scenery less distinction between recit. and aria more instruments
French overture
very influential 2 large parts: slow-fast slow: dotted rhythms fast: polyphonic originated from dance music
overdotting
dotted notes is performed longer than notated, second note is shorter
agrements
brief ornamentation more sophisticated
why did english opera start so late (1660)
2 popular genres already masques and semi-operas
drama always considered ____
more important that music
English opera equals ____
Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
Dido and Aeneas
1689 Purcell invention of ground bass
corelli
1653-1713 all surviving works are instrumental
2 main types of sonatas from corelli
sonata da chiesa sonata da camara
lyricism over ____
virtuosity
naples
a-lot of castrati singers/ farinelli/ scarlatti academic
rome
instrumental music was big here
venice
street musicians/ amateurs/festivals
small orchestras develop for special occasions which leads to
concerto
what instrument is in the middle of concerto setup
harpsichord
types of concerto
orchestral concerto: movements concerto grosso (i): small group against large group solo concerto: orchestra and soloist (often violin)
most famous concerto composer
Vivaldi 1678-1741
characteristics of vivaldi
virtuosic violinist master teacher violin concertos
il prete rosso
the red priest
vivaldi composed how many concerto
500
about ___ concertos are for a solo instrument
350
vivaldi orchestra set-up
20-25 stringed instrument divided into 4 parts (v1,v2,c,sb) liked using pizzicato and muted strings
most concertos are in how many movements
3
strong, clearer
forms
strong___
cadences
_____ texture
homophonic
concise_____
themes
____ slow movements
"aria-esque" "aria-like"
representations of nature: creeks, birds, storms, etc. Earliest example of
program music
J.S. Bach dates
1685-1750
known as a ___ and a ____
organist, teacher
studied with
Buxtehude
Had __ kids
20
had how many musical periods
4
teaching works were called
didactic works
total Bach Cello Suites
6
publication dates of "Well-Tempered Clavier"
1722, 1740
Handel dates
1685-1759
what he's known for
traveling getting paid opera seria english oratorio (invented) instrumental music greatest choral composer?
spent his "matured" year in ____
England 1712-1759
Handels first major opera was
Rinaldo 1711
characteristics of handels opera
recit. were called secco recits. principle role called primadonna ornamentation in aias called colortura( like a cadenza)
English don't like ___
opera seria anymore in 1720s
Handel created english oratorios based on___
well-known biblical stories
handel incorporated
french classical drama ancient greek tragedy german passion english anthem italian recit + arias
prominent use of ____
chorus