Practical 6 - gastroinestinal system

What is the term for the upper left abdominal region?

Left hypochondrium

What is the term for the upper right abdominal region?

Right hypochondrium

What is the term for the middle left abdominal region?

Left flank

What is the term for the middle right abdominal region?

Right flank

What is the term for the lower left abdominal region?

Left groin

What is the term for the lower right abdominal region?

Right groin

What is the term for the upper middle abdominal region?

Epigastric

What is the term for the middle middle abdominal region?

Umbilical

What is the term for the lower middle abdominal region?

Suprapubic

What planes divide the 9 abdominal divisions sagittally?

Midclavicular planes

What plane divides upper and middle abdominal regions?

Subcostal plane - L2

What level is the subcostal plane at?

L2

What plane is at L2?

Subcostal plane

What plane divides middle and lower abdominal regions?

Intertubercular plane - L5

What level is the intertubercular plane at?

L5

What plane is at L5?

Intertubercular plane

Which region is the right hypochondrium?

Upper right

Which region is the left hypochondrium?

Upper left

Which region is the right flank?

Middle right

Which region is the left flank?

Middle left

Which region is the right groin?

Lower right

Which region is the left groin?

Lower left

Which region is the epigastric?

Upper middle

Which region is the umbilical?

Middle middle

Which region is the suprapubic?

Lower middle

What plane divides the abdomen into 2 upper and 2 lower regions?

Transumbilical plane

What plane divides the abdomen into 2 left and 2 right regions?

Median plane

What does the transumbilical plane divide in the abdomen?

2 upper regions and 2 lower regions

What does the median plane divide in the abdomen?

2 left regions and 2 right regions

What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep?

Skin
Superficial fatty layer (Camper fascia)
Deep membranous layer (Scarpa fascia)
Superficial investing fascia
External oblique
Intermediate investing fascia
Internal oblique
Deep investing fascia
Transversus abdominis
Endo-abdominal (transversalis) fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum

What is another name for the superficial fatty layer in the anterior abdominal wall?

Camper fascia

What is another name for the deep membranous layer in the anterior abdominal wall?

Scarpa fascia

What is Camper fascia?

The superficial fatty layer in the anterior abdominal wall

What is Scarpa fascia?

The deep membranous layer in the anterior abdominal wall

What are the three anterior abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

Describe the external oblique fibres:

Fibres pass inferomedially

Describe the internal oblique fibres:

Fibres fan out so upper fibres are perpendicular and lower fibres are parallel to those of the external oblique

Describe the transversus abdominis fibres:

Fibres (except the most inferior ones) run horizontally

Which abdominal muscle fibres run inferomedially?

External oblique

Which abdominal muscle fibres run horizontally?

Transversus abdominis

Describe the rectus abdominis:

Long, broad, strap-like muscle that is mostly enclosed in the rectus sheath

What encloses the rectus abdominis?

Rectus sheath

What is the rectus abdominis mostly enclosed by?

Rectus sheath

Describe the course of the inguinal ligament/canal:

Runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh

Where does the inguinal ligament start?

Anterior superior iliac spine

Where does the inguinal ligament end?

Pubic tubercle

What is the inguinal ligament continuous with?

Fascia lata of the thigh

What is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh?

Inguinal ligament

What are the two openings of the inguinal canal?

Deep internal ring
Superficial external ring

Describe the deep (internal) ring of the inguinal canal:

Evagination of the transversalis fascia superior to the middle of the inguinal ligament and lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

What is the deep (internal) ring an evagination of?

Transversalis fascia

What is the deep (internal) ring superior to?

The middle of the inguinal ligament

What is the deep (internal) ring lateral to?

The inferior epigastric vessels

Describe the superficial (external) ring of the inguinal canal:

Exit in the external oblique aponeurosis

What does the superficial (external) ring exit through?

External oblique aponeurosis

Which is superior, the superficial (external) ring or the deep (internal) ring of the inguinal canal?

Deep (internal) ring

Which structures run deep to the inguinal ligament?

Psoas major
Iliacus
Pectineus
Femoral nerve, artery and vein
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Lymphatics

Which muscles run deep to the inguinal ligament?

Psoas major
Iliacus
Pectineus

Which neurovascular structures run deep to the inguinal ligament?

Femoral nerve, artery and vein
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Lymphatics

What passes through the inguinal canal in males?

Spermatic cord

What passes through the inguinal canal in females?

Round ligament of the uterus

What does the spermatic cord pass through?

Inguinal canal

What does the round ligament of the uterus pass through?

Inguinal canal

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum
Diaphragm

Describe the iliacus:

Shares common distal attachment with psoas major
Flexes and medially rotates the thigh

Describe the psoas major:

Shares common distal attachment with iliacus
Flexes the hip joint

Describe the quadratus lumborum:

Unilaterally, it causes lateral flexion of the lumbar vertebrae
Bilaterally, it causes depression of the thoracic rib cage

Which two posterior abdominal wall muscles share a common distal attachment?

Psoas major
Iliacus

What actions are caused by the iliacus?

Flexes and medially rotates the thigh

What actions are caused by the psoas major?

Flexes the hip

What actions are caused by the quadratus lumborum?

Unilaterally - lateral flexion of lumbar vertebrae
Bilaterally - depression of thoracic rib cage

What actions are caused by the quadratus lumborum unilaterally?

Lateral flexion of lumbar vertebrae

What actions are caused by the quadratus lumborum bilaterally?

Depression of thoracic rib cage

What spinal levels form the lumbar plexus?

(T12) + L1-L4

What are the two major nerve branches coming of the lumbar plexus?

Femoral and obturator nerves

What are the spinal levels for the femoral nerve?

L2-L4

What are the spinal levels for the obturator nerve?

L2-L4

What does the femoral nerve supply?

Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris

What does the obturator nerve supply?

Obturator externus
Adductors
Gracilis
Pectineus

What innervates the adductors?

Obturator nerve

What is the anterior boundary of the oral cavity?

Oral fissure (opening between lips)

What is the oral fissure?

The opening between the lips

What is the oral cavity continuous with posteriorly?

The pharynx

What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by?

Hard palate (anteriorly)
Soft palate (posteriorly)

What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by anteriorly?

Hard palate

What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by posteriorly?

Soft palate

What is the floor of the oral cavity formed by?

Muscular diaphragm
Geniohyoid muscles
Tongue
Salivary glands and ducts

What are the walls of the oral cavity formed by?

Cheeks (buccinators)

What are the muscles that form the cheeks?

Buccinators

What is the lower jaw formed by?

Mandible

What is the upper jaw formed by?

Maxilla

What is the vestibule?

The space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth

How many adult teeth are there?

32

How many infant teeth are there?

20

How many incisors are there?

2

How many canines are there?

1

How many premolars are there?

2

How many molars are there?

3

What is the hard palate formed by?

The palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of the palatine bone