PSYC 201 Quiz 3 Study Guide

A comprehensive set of 90 flashcards covering social and personality development theories, emotional development, attachment theory, and self-concept related to psychology.

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Personality develops through 5 stages focused on erogenous zones.

Oral Stage (0-1yrs)

Erogenous zone: Mouth; issues related to feeding and trust.

Anal Stage (1-3yrs)

Erogenous zone: Anus; issues related to toilet training.

Phallic Stage (3-6yrs)

Erogenous zone: Genitals; issues include Oedipus/Electra complex.

Latency Stage (6-puberty)

No erogenous zone; energy is dormant, focusing on social skills.

Genital Stage (Puberty+)

Erogenous zone: Genitals; focus on mature sexual relationships.

Psychic Energy

Libido; a fixed amount of energy driving all behavior.

Id

The primitive part of personality demanding immediate gratification.

Ego

The rational mediator managing the conflict between id and reality.

Superego

Moral conscience that enforces rules and ideals, inducing guilt.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Development through 5 stages each involving a crisis to resolve.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Crisis at age 0-1; leads to hope if resolved positively.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Crisis at age 1-3; leads to will if resolved positively.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Crisis at age 3-6; leads to purpose if resolved positively.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Crisis at age 6-12; leads to competence if resolved positively.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Crisis at age 12-18; leads to fidelity if resolved positively.

Observational Learning

Learning through watching others and imitating their behavior.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning from observing the rewards or punishments of others.

Bobo Doll Experiment

An experiment showing that children learn aggressive behavior through observation.

Selman's Role-Taking Theory

The ability to understand another person's perspective.

Hostile Attribution Bias

The tendency to assume hostile intentions in ambiguous situations.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

Behavior shaped by nested environmental layers.

Microsystem

The direct environment including family, school, and peers.

Mesosystem

Connections between different microsystems, like parent-teacher relations.

Exosystem

Settings that affect the child indirectly like parent's workplace.

Macrosystem

Broader cultural context including laws and societal values.

Chronosystem

Change over time, including life transitions and historical events.

Affluenza

A psychological condition resulting from excessive wealth leading to poor emotional health.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best with moderate arousal.

Still-Face Reaction

Infants becoming distressed when a caregiver goes emotionally blank.

Basic Emotions

Universal emotions such as happiness, anger, and fear present early in life.

Complex Emotions

Emotions requiring self-awareness that emerge later in development.

Emotion Recognition

The ability to identify emotions in others' facial expressions.

Social Referencing

Looking to a caregiver for emotional cues in ambiguous situations.

Emotion Regulation

The ability to manage emotional responses and modulate feelings.

Display Rules

Cultural rules about when and how to express emotions.

Temperament

Biologically-based individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

Negative Affectivity

A tendency towards fear, frustration, and sadness.

Surgecy

Extraversion characterized by high activity levels and sociability.

Effortful Control

The ability to regulate attention and behavior.

Behavioral Inhibition

Tendency to be shy and withdrawn in novel situations.

Goodness-of-Fit Model

The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment.

Socialization

Process where parents teach children which emotions are acceptable.

Parental Dismissal

Criticism of negative emotions teaches children to suppress feelings.

Harlow's Rhesus Macaque Study

Showed attachment is based on comfort rather than food.

Ethological Basis of Attachment

Attachment is an innate system that promotes caregiving behavior.

Stages of Attachment

Sequential developmental stages indicating attachment progress.

Ainsworth's Strange Situation

A method to assess attachment through separations and reunions.

Secure Attachment

Attached children show distress when separated and joy upon reunion.

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

Children avoid caregiver at reunion, showing emotional distance.

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

Children are clinging and angry at reunion, displaying mixed signals.

Disorganized Attachment

Children show no consistent strategy; behavior is confused.

Indiscriminate Friendliness

Behavior in some adopted children showing no caregiver preference.

Parental Sensitivity

Responsive parents lead to secure attachments.

Interactional Synchrony

The dynamic emotional exchange between caregiver and infant.

Self-Concept

Understanding of oneself that develops with age.

Rouge Test

Test for self-recognition using a red dot on a child's nose.

Self-Esteem

Global sense of self-worth emerging around ages 4-5.

Domains of Self-Esteem

Factors including academic competence and physical appearance.

Achievement Motivation

The drive to succeed and meet standards of excellence.

Mastery-Oriented Attributions

Attributing success to effort and ability.

Learned Helplessness

Attributing failure to fixed abilities; leads to giving up.

Identity Status Theory

Marcia's theory on identity exploration and commitment.

Identity Achievement

Healthiest outcome where exploration leads to commitment.

Foreclosure

Commitment without prior exploration; adopts parent's identity.

Identity Diffusion

Neither exploring nor committed; concerning identity status.

Parental Impact on Identity

Different parenting styles produce various identity outcomes.

Ethnic Identity Components

Includes self-identification, knowledge, behaviors, affirmation, and exploration.

A 3-year-old insists on doing everything “by myself” and becomes very focused on control over their body (toilet training).

Anal Stage (1–3 yrs) → Conflict = control vs. letting go

A teenager becomes very focused on romantic relationships and sexual identity.

Genital Stage (puberty+)

A child sucks their thumb constantly and finds comfort through oral behaviors.

Oral Stage (0–1 yr)

A child grabs a cookie immediately without thinking.

Id (impulse, pleasure principle)

A child waits until after dinner to eat dessert because they know the rules.

Ego (reality principle)

A child feels guilty for lying, even when not caught.

Superego (morality)

A toddler insists on dressing themselves but gets frustrated when they fail.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1–3 yrs)

A preschooler creates games and takes initiative in play.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3–6 yrs)

A teen is trying to figure out “Who am I?”

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A child watches an older sibling hit someone and then copies that behavior.

Observational Learning / Modeling

A child sees another kid get rewarded for sharing and then starts sharing too.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Kids imitate aggressive behavior after watching adults act aggressively toward a toy.

Bobo Doll Experiment

A child assumes everyone feels the same way they do about a situation.

Poor role-taking ability (early stage)

A child gets bumped accidentally but assumes it was on purpose and gets angry.

Hostile Attribution Bias

A child’s development is affected by parenting style.

Microsystem

A parent loses their job, indirectly affecting the child.

Exosystem

Cultural values influence how children are raised.

Macrosystem

A wealthy child lacks empathy and feels entitled due to material excess and lack of limits.

Affluenza (factors: wealth + lack of parental limits)

A child cries, heart rate increases, and they interpret the situation as scary.

Emotion = physiological + behavioral + cognitive

A little anxiety helps a student perform better on a test.

Performance = f(Arousal)

Yerkes-Dodson Law (optimal arousal improves performance)

A baby becomes distressed when a caregiver suddenly stops responding.

Still-Face Reaction

A newborn cries but doesn’t show clear emotions yet.

Generalized distress (no true emotions yet)

A baby smiles at a caregiver at 2 months.

Social smile

A baby becomes afraid of strangers at 8 months.

Stranger anxiety

A child feels embarrassed after doing something wrong.

Shame (self-conscious emotion)

A baby looks at mom to decide if something is safe.

Social Referencing (~8–10 months)

A baby sucks their thumb to calm down.

Self-soothing

A toddler looks away from something overwhelming.

Gaze aversion

A child plays with a toy to distract themselves from being upset.

Self-distraction

A child talks through feelings to solve a problem.

Emotion-centered coping (later development)

A child smiles when receiving a bad gift to be polite.

Emotional display rules (emotional mask)

A baby is naturally calm, adaptable, and easygoing.

Easy temperament (Thomas & Chess)