when ones everyday anxieties become long-lasting and debilitating, interfering with their daily lives and their ability to function appropriately
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separation anxiety disorder
when children have enormous difficulty being away from their parents or other major attachment figures and are often reluctant to go anywhere where they might be separated from their parents
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school refusal
children fear going to school and often stay home for a long period
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selective mutism
children consistently fail to speak in certain social situations, but show no difficulty at all speaking in others
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play therapy
children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories
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child-centered therapy
clinician listens carefully to the child, reflects on what the child is saying, shows empathy, and gives unconditional positive regard
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disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
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oppositional defiant disorder
a disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, and perhaps vindictive
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conduct disorder
a disorder in which children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others and display significant aggression
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overt-destructive pattern
individuals display openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors
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overt-nondestructive pattern
pattern dominated by openly offensive but non-confrontational behaviors
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covert-destructive pattern
characterized by secretive destructive behaviors
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covert-nondestructive pattern
individuals secretly commit nonaggressive behaviors different patterns may have different causes
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relational aggression
the individual is socially isolated and primarily performs social misdeeds
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juvenile delinquents
children between the ages of 8 and 18 who break the law
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recidivists
when criminals and delinquents have a history of being arrested
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Parent Management Training
a treatment approach for conduct disorder in which therapists combine family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with their children more effectively
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parent-child interaction therapy
therapists teach parents to work with their child positively and establish appropriate expectations regarding the child
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video modeling
family intervention tool for preschoolers that uses video tools to help achieve the same goals as parent-child interaction therapy
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videoconferencing
using webcams, a therapist coaches parents through their family interactions
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problem-solving skills training
therapists combine modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards to help teach children constructive thinking and positive social behaviors
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Coping Power Program
child-focused approach in which children with conduct problems participate in group sessions that teach them to manage their anger more effectively
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treatment foster care
delinquent children with conduct disorders are assigned to a foster home in the community by the juvenile justice system
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Elimination Disorders
children repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor, and these symptoms arent caused by physical illness
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Enuresis
a childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of ones clothes
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family theory
this is the result of disturbed family interactions
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cognitive-behavioral theory
this is the result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training
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biological theory
children with this disorder often have a small bladder capacity, weak bladder muscles, and/or disturbed sleep patterns
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bell-and-battery technique
common cognitive-behavioral treatment where a bell wakes the child as they start to wet
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dry-bed training
children receive training in cleanliness and retention control, are awakened periodically during the night, practice going to the bathroom, and are appropriately rewarded
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
a group of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect a persons behavior, memory, concentration, and/or ability to learn
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
a disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both
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methylphenidate
a stimulant drug commonly used to treat ADHD
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token economy program
children receive tokens whenever they attend and respond appropriately, and the tokens can later be exchanged for rewards of various kinds
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parent management training
cognitive-behavioral techniques are combined with family interventions to help them deal with their children more effectively
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economic factors
poorer children are less likely to be identified as having ADHD
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
a developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities
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echolalia
the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others
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motor movements
unusual, rigid, and repetitive
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hyperreactivity
when individuals seem overstimulated by sights and sounds and appear to be trying to block them out
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hyporeactivity
when individuals seem understimulated and appear to be performing self-stimulatory actions
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refrigerator parents
parents who are very intelligent yet cold
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theory of mind
an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing
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MMR vaccine theory
the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella might produce autistic symptoms in some children
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simultaneous communication
a method combining sign language and speech
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augmentative communication systems / communication boards
computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words to represent objects or needs
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cognitive-behavioral programs
train parents so that they can apply conditioning and skill-building techniques at home
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Intellectual Disability
a disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average
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Intelligence Quotient
a score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a persons overall intellectual capacity
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trisomy 21
a person has three free-floating 21st chromosomes instead of two
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phenylketonuria
when a person cant break down the amino acid phenylalanine, and the chemical builds up and is converted into substances that poison the system
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fetal alcohol syndrome
a group of problems in a child that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy
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anoxia
prolonged period without oxygen during or after delivery
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normalization
the principle that institutions and community residences for people with intellectual disability should provide living conditions and opportunities similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society
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special education
children with ID are grouped together in a separate, specially designed educational program
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mainstreaming / inclusion
the placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes
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spacing
operant conditioning principle in which one breaks down learning tasks into small steps, giving positive reinforcement for each increment of progress
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Individualized Education Program
an education program that details the support services, therapies, and special accommodations to be afforded the child in order for them to achieve proper educational goals
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youth clubs
encourage those with ID to take risks and function independently
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sheltered workshops
protected and supervised workplaces that train adults with ID to work at a pace and level tailored to their abilities
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Meningitis
\________ and encephalitis can lead to intellectual disability if not diagnosed and treated in time.
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ADHD
\________ has been linked to high levels of stress and to family dysfunction.
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Stimulant drugs
\________ may help reduce childrens aggressive behaviors at home and school.
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Recidivists
\________: when criminals and delinquents have a history of being arrested.
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ASD
People with \________ have a central cognitive disturbance that makes normal communication and interactions impossible.
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Hyporeactivity
\________: when individuals seem understimulated and appear to be performing self- stimulatory actions.
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battery technique
Bell- and- \________: common cognitive- behavioral treatment where a bell wakes the child as they start to wet.
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Youth clubs
\________- encourage those with ID to take risks and function independently.
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Trisomy
\________ 21- a person has three free- floating 21st chromosomes instead of two.
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Selective mutism
\________: children consistently fail to speak in certain social situations, but show no difficulty at all speaking in others.
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Motor movements
\________- unusual, rigid, and repetitive.
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Stimulant medication
\________ can improve childrens attention and behavioral control in the short term, but doesnt necessarily lead to meaningful long- term improvements.
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Individual therapy
\________ and support groups are becoming more available to help the parents of children with autism deal with their own emotions and needs.
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Cognitive behavioral programs
\________: train parents so that they can apply conditioning and skill- building techniques at home.
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workshops
Sheltered \________: protected and supervised workplaces that train adults with ID to work at a pace and level tailored to their abilities.
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Methylphenidate
\________: a stimulant drug commonly used to treat ADHD.
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Hyperreactivity
\________: when individuals seem overstimulated by sights and sounds and appear to be trying to block them out.
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Enuresis
\________: a childhood disorder marked by repeated bed- wetting or wetting of ones clothes.
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Antidepressants
\________ may be dangerous for some depressed children and teens.
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headaches
Symptoms: irritability, \________, stomach pain, disinterest in toys and games.
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Anoxia
\________: prolonged period without oxygen during or after delivery.
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Parent management training
\________: cognitive- behavioral techniques are combined with family interventions to help them deal with their children more effectively.
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inclusion
Mainstreaming /\________: the placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes.
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Economic factors
\________: poorer children are less likely to be identified as having ADHD.
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clinician listens
Child- centered therapy: \________ carefully to the child, reflects on what the child is saying, shows empathy, and gives unconditional positive regard.
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Clinicians
\________ should observe the adaptive functioning of each individual in their everyday environment.
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Power Program
Coping \________: child- focused approach in which children with conduct problems participate in group sessions that teach them to manage their anger more effectively.
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ethnic minorities
Children from racial /\________ are less likely to be treated with stimulant drugs or a combination of stimulants and cognitive- behavioral therapy.
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Nonverbal behaviors
\________ are often at odds with their efforts at verbal communication.
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Echolalia
\________: the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others.
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Multisystemic therapy
\________: approach that aims to make changes across multiple contexts of childrens lives- family dynamics, schools, social lives, community.
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Relational aggression
\________: the individual is socially isolated and primarily performs social misdeeds.
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Anxiety symptoms
\________ are more often triggered by thoughts about events that could happen in the future.
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Fetal alcohol
\________ syndrome: a group of problems in a child that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy.
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Video modeling
\________: family intervention tool for preschoolers that uses video tools to help achieve the same goals as parent- child interaction therapy.
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Symptoms of poor attention
\________ are understood as a breakdown in the balance between Type 1 and Type 2 attention processes.
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Overall risk of suicide
\________ is reduced for the vast majority of children who take the drugs.
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Biological theory
\________: children with this disorder often have a small bladder capacity, weak bladder muscles, and /or disturbed sleep patterns.
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Normalization
\________: the principle that institutions and community residences for people with intellectual disability should provide living conditions and opportunities similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society.
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vaccine theory
MMR \________: the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella might produce autistic symptoms in some children.
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