The Chemical Nature of Life

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Polarity

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determines whether a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic, which determines its location in proteins.

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Van der Waals interactions

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are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges.

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39 Terms

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Polarity

determines whether a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic, which determines its location in proteins.

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Van der Waals interactions

are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges.

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Carbon

has 4 electrons in its outer shell.

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Hydrophobic molecules:

molecules consisting of mainly nonpolar covalent bonds

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Ionic bonds

: electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another.

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Heat is released when

hydrogen bonds form.

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covalent bond

In a(n) , the s and p orbitals may hybridize, creating specific molecular shapes.

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number of bonds

The shape is determined by the arrangement and between atoms.

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Phospholipids

are amphipathic molecules.

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Atoms

combine to form a molecule with three dimensional shape.

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Isomers

: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

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A molecules shape is determined by

the positions of its atoms valence electrons.

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Nonpolar covalent bond

: equal distribution of charge so molecule doesnt feel the need to interact with other molecules, unlike polar covalent bonds.

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Fatty acid tail

: nonpolar /hydrophobic.

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The high specific heat of water minimizes

temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life.

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Weak chemical bonds

reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other.

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Specific heat

: the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.

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ability of ions

The or molecules to dissolve in water.

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strongest bonds

Most of the in organisms are covalent bonds that form a cells molecules.

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Heat is absorbed when

hydrogen bonds break.

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Molecules

with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons) are not very water soluble.

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Carbon

can form nonpolar or polar bonds.

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Covalent bonds

: formed when the atoms of a molecule share electrons.

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Atoms

in molecules with double bonds are linear and dont rotate.

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Van der Waals Interactions

: weak, nonspecific attractive force.

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Molecules

with polar bonds are water soluble.

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Covalent bonds

are not rigid and rotation around single covalent bonds allows molecules to change shape.

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Hydrogen bonds

are very weak in comparison to covalent bonds, so it takes very little energy to break in comparison.

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Covalent bonds

formed when the atoms of a molecule share electrons

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Nonpolar covalent bond

equal distribution of charge so molecule doesnt feel the need to interact with other molecules, unlike polar covalent bonds

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Hydrogen bond

force of attraction between a hydrogen in a polar molecule and electronegative portion in another molecule

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Ionic bonds

electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another

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Van der Waals Interactions

weak, nonspecific attractive force

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Evaporative cooling (ex

sweat)

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Specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC

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Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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Functional groups

groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

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Phosphate head

polar / hydrophilic

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Fatty acid tail

nonpolar / hydrophobic