The Chemical Nature of Life

Polarity

________ determines whether a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic, which determines its location in proteins.

Van der Waals interactions

________ are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges.

Carbon

________ has 4 electrons in its outer shell.

Hydrophobic molecules:

molecules consisting of mainly nonpolar covalent bonds

Ionic bonds

________: electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another.

Heat is released when

hydrogen bonds form.

covalent bond

In a(n) ________, the s and p orbitals may hybridize, creating specific molecular shapes.

number of bonds

The shape is determined by the arrangement and ________ between atoms.

Phospholipids

________ are amphipathic molecules.

Atoms

________ combine to form a molecule with three dimensional shape.

Isomers

________: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

A molecules shape is determined by

the positions of its atoms valence electrons.

Nonpolar covalent bond

________: equal distribution of charge so molecule doesnt feel the need to interact with other molecules, unlike polar covalent bonds.

Fatty acid tail

________: nonpolar /hydrophobic.

The high specific heat of water minimizes

temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life.

Weak chemical bonds

________ reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other.

Specific heat

________: the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.

ability of ions

The ________ or molecules to dissolve in water.

strongest bonds

Most of the ________ in organisms are covalent bonds that form a cells molecules.

Heat is absorbed when

hydrogen bonds break.

Molecules

________ with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons) are not very water soluble.

Carbon

________ can form nonpolar or polar bonds.

Covalent bonds

________: formed when the atoms of a molecule share electrons.

Atoms

________ in molecules with double bonds are linear and dont rotate.

Van der Waals Interactions

________: weak, nonspecific attractive force.

Molecules

________ with polar bonds are water soluble.

Covalent bonds

________ are not rigid and rotation around single covalent bonds allows molecules to change shape.

Hydrogen bonds

________ are very weak in comparison to covalent bonds, so it takes very little energy to break in comparison.

Covalent bonds

formed when the atoms of a molecule share electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

equal distribution of charge so molecule doesnt feel the need to interact with other molecules, unlike polar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bond

force of attraction between a hydrogen in a polar molecule and electronegative portion in another molecule

Ionic bonds

electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another

Van der Waals Interactions

weak, nonspecific attractive force

Evaporative cooling (ex

sweat)

Specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC

Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Functional groups

groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

Phosphate head

polar / hydrophilic

Fatty acid tail

nonpolar / hydrophobic