Plantations

plantations

In the 16th century, the English wanted to have more control over Ireland. A way they tried was by driving Irish off their land and replace them with british settlers.

Time it took place

1550 - 1650

How many

4

how were they triggered

rebellions against extended british control

name 4 plantations

laois offaly 1556, munster 1586, ulster 1609, cromwellian 1652

plantation 1

laois offaly, 1556, queen mary I, moores + oconnors 1553

plantation 2

muster 1586, queen elizabeth I, earl of desmond 1579

plantation 3

ulster 1609, king james, 9 years war, 1594 - 1603

plantation 4

cromwellian, 1652, oliver cromwell, rebellion of 1941

plantation 1 reason

because moores + oconnors kept raiding pale, needed to be dealt with.

plantation 1 what did they do

lord deputy gradually pushed them back to river shannon, built forts on their land to keep peace, queen mary granted land surrounding forts to army officers + old english officers

plantation 1 conditions (6)

had to build stone houses, had to set up towns + villages, had to arm themselves with self defense, had to cultivate land in english manor, could not mix with or marry irish, had to employ english servants.

which was queens county plant 1

laois

kings county plant 1

offaly

where were forts built plant 1

maryborough (portlaoise), philipstown (duingean)

pale

part of ireland under english control

cultivate

use land for crops + gardening

aims plant 1 (4)

land used as award to loyal servants of the crown, thought it would ease the cost of ireland, armed settlers would control the natives, towns + villages would act of beacon of civilization + calm the irish

outcomes plant 1 (4)

plantation was not successful, moores + oconnors terorised planters, planters unable to attract english workforce had to employ irish, more money protecting the planters than raised.

plantation 2 cause

earl of desmond most powerful man in munster, rebelled, said was fight for catholic religion, persuaded pope to send him troops.

english response plant 2

sent army to deal with issue, carried out plantation

what did the english army do plant 2

destroyed munster, destroyed food source, caused famine, earl of desmond, captured + killed

how many did the famine kill plant 2

30,000

how did plant 2 work

Gov divided the Earl of Desmonds’ land into 35 holdings.

who were the holdings granted to plant 2

holdings were granted to army officers and government officials and favourites of Queen Elizabeth.

who were one of the people granted land

Sir Walter Raleigh who was granted 42,000 acres near Youghal in Co. Cork

what were these people called

undertakers

what is an undertaker

they undertook to fulfil certain conditions

conditions plant 2 (4)

To bring in English workers.

To employ English farming methods.

To maintain a part-time army to protect the Plantation

To build a defensive enclosure. \n

outcome of plant 2

did not work as well as was hoped.

land was badly damaged from war

irish constantly attacked planters

planters fled back to england

remainders had to employ irish + even rent land to them

planters didnt give enough money to support army, was very weak

positive outcome plant 2

new towns such as Bandon and Killarney were established and new industries such as a timber export business were set up.

plantation 3 cause

from 1594 and 1603 the leading Chieftains in Ulster, Hugh O Neill and Hugh ODonnell led a rebellion against the Govt. of Queen Elizabeth. This was the Nine Years War

what victories was in the rebellion (plant 3)

victories for the Irish such as the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598.

final battle plant 3

The final battle took place at Kinsale on Christmas day 1601 and was a huge defeat for O Neill and O Donnell.

surrender plant 3

In 1603 they surrendered when they signed the Treaty of Mellifont.

treaty of mellifont

Under the terms of the Treaty they were allowed to keep their land but had to allow English Sheriffs into Ulster to enforce the Treaty.

flight of the earls

1607, fed up with restriction on their power they left Ulster forever, The lands of the Earls were confiscated and prepared for a massive scheme of Plantation.

three types of planters, plant 3

undertakers, servitors, deserving irish

undertakers plant 3

british Gentleman to receive estates of between 400 and 800 hectares at the cost of €6.00 per year to the King, had to build a Castle, Stone house or Bawn and they could only take british tenants, which they had to bring with them from Britain.

servitors

Civil Servants or army officers to receive estates of between 400 and 800 hectares at the cost of €10.00 per year to the King, had to build a Stone House or Bawn. They were allowed to take Irish tenants

deserving irish

Irish men who had remained loyal to the Crown during the nine years war to receive estates of 400 hectares at the cost of €12.70 per year to the King. They were allowed to take Irish tenants also.

what did king james about not enough planters

could not persuade enough Planters to go to Ireland, so King James I forced 12 London Trade Guilds to form The Honourable Irish Society

honourable irish society

These were given the County of Derry and allowed to rent the land out to tenants.

what towns did they build plant 3

They built two towns, Coleraine and Londonderry. Each guild then built a village such as Draperstown on their allotted land. Motivated by profit they rented the land to Irish tenants.

impact of plantation (5) plant 3

land ownership, the countryside, towns, relgion, culture

land ownership

Almost all Irish landowners lost their land. The Planters became the new landowning class. They became very wealthy and enforced the law as Judges. They helped the British control Ulster until the 20 Century.

the countryside

The Planters cleared forests and drained the land. Farming for profit replaced the subsistence farming of the Irish. Wheat, Barley, Oats and Potatoes were grown for sale. New styles of housing of stone and slated roofs were introduced.

towns

The Government built 16 new towns in Ulster including Donegal, Dungannon and Enniskillen. Each town had a central square or Diamond. A network of roads was built to link the towns. The native Irish were forbidden to live in them.

religion

The Scottish settlers were Presbyterians while the English settlers were Anglican. This created a Protestant majority. This created high religious tension with the Catholics, which continues to this day.

culture

The Irish way of dress and living was banned by law. English language, music, dancing and fashions became more widely used as Gaelic culture faded away.

plant 4 cause

In 1641 England was involved in a Civil War between King Charles I and his Parliament, led by Sir Oliver Cromwell. This encouraged the native Irish to rebel against the Planters and recover their lost lands. The rebellion began in Ulster in 1641 and spread to the rest of the country. About 4,000 Protestants were massacred in the early days of the violence. However these figures were hugely exaggerated in England with many English believing that almost a million had been killed. This created a desire to avenge the deaths as soon as the civil war was over. In January 1649 King Charles was executed by his Parliament and the English now turned their attention towards Ireland. On 15 August 1649 Cromwell’s’ New Model Army landed in Ringsend and marched to Drogheda where the town refused to surrender. Cromwell massacred the whole town. When the same thing happened a few weeks later to the town of Wexford a clear message had been sent to other Irish towns. In rapid succession the Irish began to surrender and by May 1650 when Cromwell returned to England the country had been defeated.

plant 4 rebellion

The rebellion began in Ulster in 1641 and spread to the rest of the country.

when was king james excecuted + by who

1649, parliament

what happened to the death figures

About 4,000 Protestants were massacred in the early days of the violence. However these figures were hugely exaggerated in England with many English believing that almost a million had been killed.

what did the exaggerated death figures cause

This created a desire to avenge the deaths as soon as the civil war was over.

when did cromwells army arrive

On 15 August 1649

where did cromwells army arrive

Cromwell’s’ New Model Army landed in Ringsend and marched to Drogheda

what did cromwell do to the town

the town refused to surrender. Cromwell massacred the whole town.

what happened a few weeks after he slaughtered the town

When the same thing happened a few weeks later to the town of Wexford a clear message had been sent to other Irish towns. In rapid succession the Irish began to surrender.

when did cromwell return

May 1650, Cromwell returned to England the country had been defeated

plant 4 details

The plantation began with an Act of Settlement, which listed all of those who would have their lands confiscated. These were then ordered to go “to Hell or to Connaught”. Parliament then ordered over 30,000 soldiers who had surrendered to be deported from Ireland.

slavery plant 4

Up to 50,000 widows and orphans were sold into slavery in the Caribbean and all Priests were executed.

the survey

Before any land could be resettled, a survey had to be carried out. Sir William Petty did this. His survey was called The Down Survey, simply because the results were written down.

impact of plant 4

The Cromwellian Plantation did not bring a large influx of settlers into Ireland.

Most of the new landowners used Irish people as workers and tenants. The lives of the ordinary people changed very little, they were simply paying their rent to a new landlord. This was not the case among the landowning classes.

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new social class plant 4

For the next two hundred years a new social class, English speaking and Protestant, called the Protestant Ascendancy controlled Ireland and the people who lived in it.