Chapter 10 - Blood

what is on bottom to top when you centrifuge blood

erythrocytes (45%), buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets, 1%), plasma (55%)

what is in plasma

water, electrolytes, O2 and CO2, plasma proteins, nutrients, waste

albumin function

plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure

clotting proteins

plasma protein that helps stop blood loss

antibodies

a plasma protein that protects the body against pathogens. Looks for antigens

hematocrit

percentage of blood that is erythrocytes

average number of erythrocytes per cubic mm

4-6 million

number of leukocytes per cubic mm

4,000-11,000

number of platelets

250,000-500,000

hemoglobin number

250 million per erythrocyte

erythrocyte anatomy

basically, a bag of hemoglobin, biconcave disc, anucleate, no organelles

erythrocytes function

carry oxygen

erythrocyte life span

wears out in 100-120 days

leukocytes general function

help defense against disease

diapedisis

leukocytes can move in and out of blood vessels

ameboid motion

the “zombie crawl” leukocytes can do

positive chemotaxis

leukocytes can respond to chemicals from damages tissues

two categories of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

types of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

most to least abundant white blood cells

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)

neutrophil function

phagocytic, wraps around what it attacks and digests it

neutrophil anatomy/location

multilobed nucleus, fine granules. found in infection sites

eosinophils

large red granules, used to fight allergies and worms

basophils

granules contain histamine, they start inflammation

lymphocytes

nucleus fills most of cell, used in immune response

monocytes

largest WBC, fights chronic infections

hematocrit

the percent of blood that is erythrocytes, typically 45%

anemia

a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

sickle cell anemia

mutation causing abnormally-shaped hemoglobin

polycthemia

abnormal increase in erythrocytes

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein that bond strongly but reversible to oxygen. each one has four oxygen binding sites

leukocytosis

wbc count above 11,000

often indicates an infection

leukopenia

abnormally low leukocyte level, caused by drugs like steroids and chemo

leukemia

bone marrow becomes cancerous, produces an excess of non-functioning leukocytes

hematopoeisis

blood cell formation

hormone controlling RBC production

eyrthropoeitin

stem cell for all formed elements

hemocytoblasts

myeloid cell

stem cell for most formed elements

lymphoid cell

stem cell for lymphocytes

what stimulates platelet production

thrombopoietin

thrombocytopenia

platelet deficiency

three steps in hemostasis

vascular spasms, platelet plug, coagulation/the clotting cascade

vascular spasms

vasoconstriction from smooth muscle makes the blood vessel smaller, slows down bleeding

platelet plug

collagen is exposed from a broken vessel.

* platelets turn sticky and stick to these collagen fibers
* when anchored they send a message to attract more platelets
* “dogpile”
* this starts the clotting cascade

first step in the clotting cascade

1. injured tissue releases “tissue factors” (TF)

what happens after TF is released

PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF as well as clotting factors and calcium

what happens after PF3 interacts with TF (and other things)

prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

what happens after prothrombin is converted to thrombin

thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to make fibrin “hairs”

what happens after the fibrin hairs are formed

they form a mesh

how fast does the clotting process take place

3-6 minutes

thrombus

clot in an unbroken blood vessel

* not dangerous unless it travels through bloodstream, or if it is blocking an important area like the heart

embolus

a thrombus that has broken free and is traveling through the bloodstream

* can get stuck in important vessels leading to the lungs

hemophilia

hereditary bleeding disorder where the naturally occuring clotting factors are missing

what percent of blood loss causes shock

30% +

transfusion

only way to replace blood quickly

antigen

a marker/flag on a cell telling what it is

antibody

part of the immune system that patrols looking for antigens

* if antigens are seen as foreign, an antibody starts an attack

agglutination

a clotting/clumping reaction that occurs from antibodies being mixed with the wrong blood type

* simulated in a lab to figure out what blood type someone has

two antigen groups that can cause a reaction

the ABO group and the Rh group

universal recipient

AB

universal donor

O

RhoGAM shot

prevents an Rh mom from making anti-Rh antibodies

* protects the Rh neg baby from harm