Cell Structure

• What is the name fo the cell organelle that synthesises proteins?

Ribosomes / Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• What is the name of the cell organelles that release lysozyme?

Lysosomes

• What is the name of the cell organelle that makes lipids, steroids, and some hormones?

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

• Which organelles ar einvovled in protein Synthesis ?

Nucleus,Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus and vesicles

• What is the name of the cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

• What's the function of flagella?

Locomotion

• Describe the structure of a chloroplast

• Oval shaped organelle.

• 3-10µm long.

• Surrounded by two membranes, with a disc-like thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana; the internal fluid is called the stroma

• Describe the structure of a chloroplast

Oval shaped organelle. 3-10µm long. Surrounded by two membranes, with a disc-like thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana; the internal fluid is called the stroma

• What type of cells are bacteria?

• Prokaryotic cells

• Lack a nucleus

• Unicellular organisms

• Cell wall present

• Reproduce asexually

• Which three organelles do plant cells have that are not present in animal cells

• What is the difference in chemical composition between a eukaryotic plant cell wall and a prokaryotic cell wall?

Plant cell wall contains cellulose; bacterial cell walls contain peptiglycan, a glycoprotein

• What is the difference between the organelles in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

• Define magnification

The process of making an image appear larger than the actual object

• How can you calculate magnification of an object?

• What is the limitation of light microscopy?

• Define resolution

The ability to see 2 objects as separate entities; it is the level of detail seen in an image

• What are the three functions of cytoskeleton?

• What is the limitation of transmission electron microscope(TEM)?

It can't image living organisms or objects that are sensitive to the electron beam

• What is the limitation of scanning electron microscope(SEM)

Cannot provide information about the internal structure of a sample

• What is the limitation of laser scanning Confocal Microscope(LSCM)

Inability to image deep into thick specimens due to limited penetration depth of laser light and photobleaching of out-of-focus planes

• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

• Cell Wall(plants, algae, and fungi)

• Rigid structure

• Provides support and protection

• Composed of cellulose in plants

• Contains chitin in fungi

• Present in algae with varying compositions

• What is the function of mitochondria?

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

• Why are mitochondria described as semi-autonomous?

They have their own circular DNA and ribosomes

• What type of cells contain mitochondria?

Eukaryotic cells only

• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

• How are proteins modified in the Golgi apparatus?

By adding carbohydrate groups (glycosylation)

• What is the function of vesicles?

Transport substances within the cell and to the cell membrane

• What is the function of the nucleolus?

Synthesises rRNA and assembles ribosomes

• What is chromatin?

DNA and associated proteins found in the nucleus

• What is the function of free ribosomes?

Synthesis of proteins used inside the cell

• What is the function of membrane-bound ribosomes?

Synthesis of proteins for secretion or membranes

• What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Site of many metabolic reactions

• What is the cytosol?

The liquid component of the cytoplasm

• What is the function of the plasma (cell-surface) membrane?

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

• What is meant by the fluid mosaic model?

Membrane proteins float within a fluid phospholipid bilayer

• What is the function of microtubules?

Maintain cell shape and move chromosomes during cell division

• What is the function of microfilaments?

Enable cell movement and muscle contraction

• What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Provide mechanical strength to cells

• What is the function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

Movement

• What is the function of pili in bacteria?

Attachment to surfaces and DNA transfer

• What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

Protection from desiccation and immune attack

• What is the function of plasmids?

Carry extra genes that may give survival advantages

• What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and free; eukaryotic DNA is linear and enclosed in a nucleus

• What is the advantage of compartmentalisation in eukaryotic cells?

Increases efficiency of metabolic processes

• Why are electron microscopes able to resolve smaller structures than light microscopes?

Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light

• What is the advantage of laser scanning confocal microscopy?

Produces clear images of thick specimens and 3D reconstructions

• Why is staining used in microscopy?

To increase contrast and make structures visible