Biology Florida EOC

Independent Variable

- what is being changed or tested during experiment; cause

Dependent Variable

-what is being measured or observed during experiment; effect

Control Variable

-use as the comparison "group" in an experiment

What makes an experiment reliable?

-has been tested numerous times by more than one scientist

-it follows steps of scientific method

-no bias

-information came from third party

-study been retested

-results are published in scientific journal

Theory

-are subject to revision and modification over time

Laws

-developed when observations around the world are tested and retested until there is a consensus in a scientific community; not changed over time

Dissection Light Microscope

-lowest magnification for microscopes

-views organs and tissues during dissection

-views 3D specimens

Compound Light Microscope

-40x to 400x

-views tissue samples, blood, microorganisms, and larger details of some cells

-common classroom microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

-passes a beam of electrons through a thin specimen

-mainly used to study internal structures of cells that cannot be viewed under light microscopes

Scanning Electron Microscope

-electron beam passes over specimens surface that is coated with thin layer of gold metal

-studies details of specimen's surface

-3D and black&white

Polar Molecules

-have an end that is slightly positive and an end that is lightly negative

-water

Hydrogen Bonding

-attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another water molecule

Surface tension

elastic-like forces existing on the surface of a liquid caused by asymmetry in the attractive forces between the liquid molecules

Cohesion

when two like substances attract to one another

Adhesion

when two unlike substances attract

universal solvent

water can dissolve into many substances: ionic compounds and polar molecules dissolve easily in water

water____ when it freezes

expands

frozen water is ____ dense

less

high specific heat

can absorb a lot of energy before changing temperature

nucleic acids

-made of nucleotides

-codes to make protein

-ex: DNA and RNA

lipids

-fats that store energy and insulation

-phospholipids are cell membrane

proteins

-made of amino acids

-structure, movement defense,signaling,etc

carbohydrates

-made of monosachharides

-energy,structure

enzymes

-biological catalyst that speeds up rate of reactions by lowering activation energy

-not used up during reaction

-are affected by environmental factors, like pH and temp.

cell theory

-all living things are made of cells

-cell is basic unit of structure and living things

-new cells are produced from existing cells

prokaryotes

-contain DNA

-no nucleus

-only single-celled

-few organelles

-basic

eukaryotes

-animal and plant cells

-contain DNA

-nucleus

-membrane bound organelles

cell membrane

-selective barrier for the cell, allows some things to pass and others to not

-made of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and proteins

-selectively permeable

nucleus

-center of cell that contains most genetic information

cytoplasm

-thick fluid that fills up a cell and surrounds all other organelles

ribosomes

-found in cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

-covered with ribosomes, responsible for making and storing proteins, and creates vesicles to carry new proteins to the Golgi apparatus

smooth ER

-detoxifies harmful substances

golgi apparatus

- responsible for modifying and storing proteins

lysosomes

-contain enzymes which break down large molecules to be used by the cell

vacuoles

-store food, water, and minerals

mitochondria

powerhouse of cell

cell wall

surrounds membrane and provides additional layer of protection

chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll and uses energy from sun to make glucose

passive transport

-no energy needed, moves with concentration gradient (ex: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion )

active transport

uses energy against concentration gradient

osmosis

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane (passive transport)

Interphase

DNA duplicates (G1, S, G2 phase)

Prophase

chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, and centrioles organize spindle fibers

Metaphase

sister chromatids pairs line up in middle of cell and spindle fibers attach at middle of each pair

Anaphase

individual chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

chromosomes stretch out and become tangled chromatin again. nuclear envelope form, and spindle breaks apart

cytokinesis

cell divides into two separate cells: in plansts a cell plate forms

Meiosis

-makes four haploid daughter cells that are gametes

-each offspring gets one gamete from each parent

phenotype

-physical expression

genotype

organisms inherited genes

homozygous

having identical alleles for a trait

heterozygous

having different alleles for a trait

incomplete dominance

alleles for the genes are neither dominant nor recessive

codominance

traits from both alleles are expressed in phenotype of offspring

sex-linked traits

genes carried by sex chromosome

independent assortment

genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete production

polygenic inheritance

traits controlled by more than one gene

multiple alleles

more than two alleles for one gene

homologous structures

similar structures found in varying animals that evolved from a common ancestor

vestigial structures

structure in an organism that no longer serves its original function

Comparative embryology

closely related organisms go through equivalent stages of embryonic development.

Natural Selection

evolution of a population to become better adapted to their local environment over many generations

Cladogram

organizes organisms based on the physical traits of their ancestors and descendants

6 major kingdoms

Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Bacteria

-prokaryotic

-unicellular

-binary fission

-cell walls with peptidoglycan

-found everywhere

Plantae

-eukaryotic

-multicellular

-autotrophic

-cell walls made of cellulose

-sexual or asexual

fungi

-eukaryotic

- mostly multicellular

-heterotrophic

-decomposers and cell walls made of chitin

Animalia

-eukaryotic

-multicellular

-heterotrophic

-sexual reproduction

-complex organ system

Structure of DNA

Double helix

Hydrogen bonding

Form between the nitrogenous bases of each strand, providing just enough attraction to hold the two strands together

DNA is copied in

replication, during the S phase of interphase

Transcription

-Occurs in the nucleus

- RNA polymerase bonds to the DNA molecule

- DNA molecule unzips as RNA polymerase moves down the DNA molecule.

-Free floating nucleotides will bond to one side of the DNA molecule creating a messenger RNA (mRNA)

-DNA rezips behind the RNA polymerase molecule.

-continues until the creation of the RNA molecule is complete

Translation

-Occurs in the cytoplasm

- mRNA attaches to the ribosomes.

-ribosomes and rRNA read the mRNA molecule three nitrogen bases at a time

-A tRNA is signaled to bring a specific amino acid that correlates to the specific codon

- tRNA attaches long enough for the amino acid to be attached to the growing protein chain, and it is then released.

- will continue until a stop codon is read

Mutations

A change in a cell's genetic material

Cancer

a disorder in which the body cells lose the ability to control cell growth resulting in uncontrolled cell division

Biotechnology

the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products

DNA Fingerprinting

tool used by biologists that determines whether two samples of DNA are related by analyzing an individual's unique collection of DNA segments

10%

the amount of energy that passes from one trophic level to the next.

Producers

an organism that produces organic compounds and energy from the environment

Consumers

an organism that feeds on other organisms for food.

Decomposers

any organism that feeds or obtains nutrients by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms.

Biotic Factors

Factors in an environment relating to, caused by, or produced by living organisms

like dissolved oxygen levels

Abiotic Factors

factor not associated with or derived from living organism like temperature and rain fall amounts

Factors that affect populations

Births & Deaths

Immigration and Emigration

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Carrying Capacity

Biodiversity

The existence of a wide variety of plant and animal life in a particular environment

Reduces biodiversity

Climate changes

Catastrophic events

Human activities

Introduction of invasive and nonnative species

Affect aquatic systems

-Temperature

-pH

-Dissolved Oxygen

-Salinity

The Water Cycle

-Precipitation (rain)

-Transpiration (water vapor that is released from plants )

-Condensation (when water vapor cools and condenses)

-Evaporation

-Surface water

-Runoff

-Groundwater

The Carbon Cycle

-Plants take carbon out of the air for photosynthesis

-When living things die and decompose the carbon is stored in soil and rocks

-Fossil fuels burned to create energy which releases carbon dioxide

Renewable

a natural resource that is replaceable through biogeochemical cycles or sustainable practices

Non-Renewable

a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced

occipital lobe

found at the back of each hemisphere

- area of vision

parietal lobe

the middle region of each hemisphere

- sensory and memory areas

frontal lobe

front part of each hemisphere

- thinking and creative areas

temporal lobe

located on the side of each hemisphere, behind the ears

- controls hearing & speech

Cerebellum

located at the very bottom of the cerebrum.

- controls co-ordination, posture, balance

Brain Stem

located below the cerebellum. It connects the brain to the spinal cord.

-controls involuntary movements

High Blood Pressure

also called hypertension; this results when the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.

Non-Specific Immune Response

the 2nd line of defense. Body does NOT know what is attacking, It protects the body from a wide range of pathogens without distinguishing one infectious agent from another.