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James Madison
________ writes in The Federalist- gov.
Caucus
________: Iowas first- in- the- nation event to select a candidate and delegates to the state convention.
European nations
________ encourage lower- class voter participation, whereas the U.S. middle class is the target in America.
Expression
________ does not need to be verbal (participation of politics)
News media
________ covers campaigns as if they were a strategic game hence de- emphasizing issues of policy.
Big government
________ creates a just and equal society.
Political Socialization
the process by which individuals establish their political ideologies
The process is cumulative
you are shaped over time
Primary agents of Socialization
interact closely and regularly with the individual, typically in early life
Primary Influences
family (attention of children that could set political beliefs), school (early formative years affect your political thoughts), religion (the religion you may have grown up with)
Secondary agents of Socialization
a less intimate connection with an individual and are usually more important later in life
Secondary Influences
peers (copy-catting), media (social media accounts and influencers), events (9/11, assassinations, Covid)
Economic Class
your class determines what you look for in a president and/or leader
Race
significant source of opinion differences
Gender
male-female differences of opinion are small on most issues
Urban
more liberal
Older voters
more conservative
Political Identification
the political party that you think you belong to
Political Ideology
a set of views on politics and the role of government
Libertarian Party
promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism, and limiting the size of government
Green Party
promotes environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice, grassroots democracy, anti-war, anti-racism, and eco-socialism
Uses random selection from a population (demographic group)
their opinions should reflect those of the population as a whole
The accuracy of a poll is expressed in terms of sampling error
the degree to which the sample estimates might differ from what the population actually thinks (+/-)
Problems with Polls
Political polling suffers from some of the following issues
Question order & wording may (purposely) affect results
framing effects & push polls
James Madison writes in The Federalist
gov
Based on the views of Jackson and Progressives
a strong faith in judgment of ordinary citizens
Suffrage
right to vote
Black Suffrage
1870, in reality, 1965
Womens Suffrage
1920
18-year-olds
1971
Voter Turnout
refers to the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot
Midterm elections
40%
Political Participation
involvement in activities designed to influence public policy and leadership
Alienation
diminishes peoples interest in political participation
Popular madante
a vast majority of voters demand certain actions from the victor
Difficulty with this interpretation of election results
voters are not well informed of candidates policy positions
Passive political participation
non-participatory activities like watching and reading the news
Conventional Activism
includes voting, donating money or time, writing a letter
Unconventional Activism
includes the use of protests, boyvotts, sit-ins, or even riots
Literacy Tests
fake reading test to bar black voters
Poll taxes
fee paid in order to vote
White primary
excludes black voters, ended by SC
Candidates spend less time fundraising
more time meeting with voters
Incumbent
a person running for office again
1951
22nd amendment
The "invisible primary"
refers to a candidates ability to raise money and interest in the public
Caucus
Iowas first-in-the-nation event to select a candidate and delegates to the state convention
Closed Primary
voting done by party members only
Open Primary
Eligible voters can vote for any candidate regardless of party
Super Tuesday
a date in the primary calendar when multiple states hold primaries and caucuses
Superdelegates
party elites who get to vote along with state delegates at a partys national convention; former presidents, governors, senators of that state
Political Socialization
the process by which individuals establish their political ideologies
Primary agents of Socialization
interact closely and regularly with the individual, typically in early life. (Family, for example)
Secondary Agents of Socialization
a less intimate connection with an individual and are usually more important later in life
Political Identification
the political party that you think you belong to
Political Ideology
a set of views on politics and the role of government
public opinion
the politically relevant opinions held by ordinary citizens that they express openly.
Sample
interviewed in order to estimate the opinions of a whole population
Random Selection
in this, their opinions should reflect those of the population as a whole
Demographic group
a specific population (blacks, women, Christians, etc.)
Sampling error
the degree to which the sample estimates might differ from what the population actually thinks (+/-).
Framing effect
Question order & wording may (purposely) affect results
Suffrage
the right to vote
Voter turnout
refers to the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot
Factors affecting turnout
registration requirements, frequency of elections, and party differences
Civic duty
the responsibilities of a citizen
Prospective Voting
Voters are highly informed on the position of candidates on the issues; voters choose candidates whose policy promises match their preferences
Retrospective Voting
Voters support incumbent candidates or parties when they are pleased with the performance; reverse their position when they are displeased
Straight-ticket Voting
Voters vote for members of their party
Split-ticket Voting
Voters vote for the candidates they like
Conventional Political Participation
includes voting, donating money or time, writing a letter
Unconventional Political Participation
includes the use of protests, boycotts, sit-ins, or even riots
Article 1, section 4
gives state legislatures control over the “time, place, and manner” of elections
Political Action Committee (PACs)
An organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation, especially at the federal level
Super PACs
A type of PAC that can raise unlimited amounts of money to promote a candidate or a cause
Qualifications to Run for President
35 years old, a “natural born citizen,” a resident of the US for 14 years
Caucus
event to select a candidate and delegates to the state convention
Primary
a preliminary election to appoint delegates to a party conference or to select the candidates for a principal, especially presidential, election.
Open Primary
a primary in which any registered voter can vote
Closed Primary
a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote
Role of the National Convention
Where the winner of the primary is announced and confirmed
The Electoral College
a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.
Incumbency Advantage
the tendency of Congress members to win reelection in overwhelming numbers
Midterm Election
Elections that fall between Presidential Elections
Apportionment
Reapportionment
After every census, House seats are redistributed based on changes in population
Gerrymandering
Redistricting that favors a party/candidate/issue
Political Party
A team of politicians, activists, and voters whose goal is to win control of the government.
Why we have Political Parties
Party competition narrows down people’s options and enables those with differing opinions to render a common judgment.
Party-Centered Politics
election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence
Candidate-Centered Politics
election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence
The Federalist Party
Alexander Hamilton, stong National Government, wealthy and commercial interests, favored ratification of the Constitution
The Democratic-Republicans
Thomas Jefferson, strong states rights, small landholders, shopkeepers
The Whig Party
Anti-Jackson party, favored a strong federal government, interest in business, a little anti-immigrant, and abolition, they would be torn apart over the issue of slavery
The Democratic Party
Andrew Jackson, strong State’s rights, interests of farmers & tradesmen, pro-immigrant, pro-slavery, fewer rights for free blacks, use of the “spoils system:” jobs given to supporters
The Republican Party
break up of the Whig party and formation of such party
Political Realignments
the party realigns itself with new philosophies, policies, and supporters
The Civil War Realignment
The origins of the Republican Party
The 1896 Realignment
The economic Panic of 1893 leads to severe depression, Democrat Grover Cleveland was blamed
Note 
Flashcard (187)