cellular function

plasma membrane

• semipermeable

• selectively allows substances to move in and out of cell

semipermeable

separates internal environment from external environment

cellular edema

excess fluid enters cell

cellular dehydration

fluid leaks out of cell

lipid bilayer

channels that allow exchange of molecules and water

nucleus

• largest organelle in cell

• composed of nucleotides

purines: adenine and guanine

pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine

ribosomes

• site of protein synthesis (diff cells make diff proteins

hypoxia: lack of oxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER

Smooth ER: lipid production

Rough ER: protein and enzyme synthesis

ER stress

decrease transport of proteins...rapidly degraded

mitochondria

• cell energy producer

• converts nutrients into ATP to cellular respiration

aerobic metabolism

requires oxygen

net yield: 34 ATP

anaerobic metabolism

oxygen not available (cellular hypoxic

net yield: 2 ATP

Lysosomes

breakdown or digest material surrounded by cell (bacteria or viruses

peroxisomes

breakdown free radicals

Golgi apparatus

process, package, and secrete proteins

microtubules

cilia and flagella ( hair like structure, aids in movement

microfilaments

solid flexible fibers (help w cell movement

selective permeability

cell wall allows some substances through the membrane while blocking others

glucose

provides energy

electrolytes

charged chemical conductors when dissolved

enzymes

proteins that facilitate chemical reactions

diffusion

movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration, requires NO energy

simple diffusion

concentration gradient, stops when equal on both sides

facilitated diffusion

something helps to move particles

• dependent on number of carrier molecules

osmosis

only concerns movement of water

low concentration to high concentration

active transport

low concentration to high concentration

• requires a carrier molecule & energy

endocytosis

bringing a substance or particle in cell by surrounding it in effort to get rid of

phagocytosis

solid particle

exocytosis

releasing a substance or particles from cell

proliferation

cells divide and reproduce

mitosis

one cell divides into two identical cells

meiosis

requires a mature sperm and ova

differentiation

occurs w meiosis

• cells become more specialized

• forms tissues into organs

stressors

• bacteria, extreme heat or cold, alcohol, smoke, chemicals

• response of cells = bacteria causes inflammation, swelling

adaptive changes

compensate and attempt to maintain homeostasis

maladaptive changes

alter the structure and function of cell

atrophy

cells become smaller

hypertrophy

cells increase in size

physiological hypertrophy

cell enlargement w adequate supporting tissues

pathological hypertrophy

increase in cell size, w/o increase in support structures

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

• hormonal stimulation, maladaptive compensation

metaplasia

replacement of one cell type with another