Studied by 4 people
what is civilization?
The transition development from small, nomadic groups to groups of people in towns cities etc
what led to civilization
Easily accessible water, agricultural advancement, development of communication, development of religion, a social structures
what is the Paleolithic age
old Stone Age. no crops or raising animals. learned how to control fire. stone tools
what is the neolithic age
New Stone Age. domesticated livestock, crop storage, writing systems, communication improvement
what is the land between the rivers ?
Between the tigers and Euphrates rivers, receives little rain. Greek for Mesopotamia
what is the Fertile Crescent
the land today known as Iraq. civilization developed writing, law codes, and economic specialization
what is polytheism
Having many gods; belief in or the worship of more than one god.
what is the Sumerian number system
the base of 12 and 60. base 60 is still used in a modified form today. 60 sec, 1 min, 60 min, also used for measuring angles
what is cuneiform
Sumerian writing using wedge-shaped symbols, pressed characters into clay tablets
what is epic of Gilgamesh
an epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king, Gilgamesh, who embarks on a search for the secret of immortality
what are ziggurats
stepped pyramids
what is Nineveh
the first great capital that was built by king Sennacherib
what is Ashurbanipal
the oldest known library
why should we remember the Assyrians
military victories, tech advancements, using torture
what is Zoroastrianism
Persian religion, monotheistic, named after Zoroaster, ahuramazda is good, Ahriman is bad
what are the immortals
an elite group of 10,000 soldiers. the dead were immediately replaced. responsible to guard shah the king
what is Cyrus known for
freeing the jewish captives and allowing them to return their homeland. captured Babylonia
who is darius
was in power when the persian empire was at its height. successor of Cyrus, invades the greek mainland
what are satrapies?
provinces, each ruled by satraps(governor)
who is Sargon(Akkadians)
leader of the Akkadians. legend says he was found as a baby floating in a basket in the river.earliest and great empire builders.
what is monotheism
having only one god
what is royal purple cloth
purple die/cloth made from murex(sea snails). royal purple. expensive
what is Carthage
ancient Phoenician city located on the northern coast of Africa
what are the Phoenicians known for
known for sailing and sea trade. created one of the first great commercial empires
what is the Phoenician alphabet
22 symbols that represented sounds
what are the hanging garden of Babylon
one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
who is Nebuchadnezzar ll
was the most well known ruler, rebuilt Babylon
what is known about the iron weapons in ancient times
Hittites was the first to make iron tools and weapons, stronger and cheaper
who invented coinage
the Lydians
what is the Hammurabi code
collection of 282 law codes
who were the Hammurabi
well-disciplined army of foot soldiers who carried weapons
what is the Nile river important
its unifies upper and lower Egypt annual floods=surpluses of food natural barriers to Invasion
what is polytheistic
gods associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces
who is the god atum
first god, creator god
who is the god ra
Sun god
who is the god Amun
patron god of Thebes
who is the god Osiris
lord of the underworld
who is the god aten
god of the sun disc
what are the three kingdoms
Old kingdom Middle Kingdom new kingdom
what did civilization look like in the old kingdom
pharaohs=gods age of prosperity pyramids built during this time
what did civilization look like in the Middle Kingdom
golden age pharaoh=Shepard of his people
what did civilization look like in the new kingdom
became the most powerful state in the middle east pharaohs had massive wealth new militaristic path
who is Menes
united both upper and lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty
who is djoser
built first stepped pyramid
who is Imhotep
architect that designed djosers pyramid. later made a god by the Egyptians
who is sneferu
built pyramid at medium, built another pyramid at dasher built 3 pyramids that lasted to this day
who is Khufu
largest pyramid built under his rule, the great pyramid
who is mentuhotep
reuniting Egypt, first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom
who is Hatshepsut
considered one of Egypts greatest pharaohs was a queen
who is thutmose lll
succeed hatshepsput, led seventeen military campaigns into syria and canaan and even reached the euphrates river.
who is amenhotep lV
introduced the worship of aten, god of sun disk as the supreme god and later in his reign as the only god.
who is Nefertiti
Akhenaten’s wife. She is known for the Nefertiti Bust, one of the most iconic Egyptian works of art.
who is king tut
restored the old gods. The first tumb that was found and intact and had the most artifacts
who is Howard Carter
he found king tuts tomb
who is rameses ll
regained control of canaan, but new invasions in the thirteenth century by the sea people as the egyptans c
who is smendes
established the capital at tanks, in the northeast nile river
what is the great pyramid
Largest pyramid, was built under King Khufu. to remind the power of the pharaoh
what is the great sphinx
a sphinx has the head of a human, the body of a lion, no known purpose
what is a mastabas
Mastabas (small buildings with a flat roof) were built for the king’s officials.
what is the mummification process
-Mummification was done to ensure the preservation of the physical body so that the spirit, or “double” of the person could return/continue to live after the physical death.
who is Ka
spiritual body in ancient egypt.The “double” of the person, which remained in the tomb. It needed the offerings and items buried with the mummy.
who is Ba
The “soul” of a person, able to leave the tomb at times and return to it.
who is Akh
The “spirit” of a person, which had to travel through the Underworld and Face judgement.
what did Hyksos do
they conquered Egypt
were the Hyksos successful
yes because they had better the and military skills, horse war chariots swell
what did Amenhotep do
tried to introduce the worship of aten, as the supreme god,
Was Amenhotep successful
no his attempt at religious change did not succeed
what is papyrus
paper made from the interior of the papyrus plant
what is hieroglyphic
pictures bases written system with around 1000 character
what is the Rosetta Stone
hieroglyphics was lost until 1799 with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone (4 ft. x 2ft.). It is so called because it was discovered in Rosetta
what is the Indus River known as
known as the border river
what is the writing system of the Harappan
Writing system not yet deciphered. Harappan or indus script. Lines arrows symbols pictures etc
what are important cities in the Indus Valley civilization
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
what did the Indus Valley civilization look like
•Mud-brick village/city surrounded by a mud-brick wall •35,000 people at its height (similar in size to Meridian) •Sewage system that carried sewage outside the city •Some three story houses •Flush toilets in every house! Private wells! •We know they traded with the Sumerians. •Polytheistic – Mother goddess of sorts plus others •Known for producing excellent pottery (black/red) and sculpture •Did not build large monuments, temples, etc., like in Mesopotamia and Egypt. •May have been the first civilization to create a uniform system of weights and measures – common units for length, weight, etc.
who are the aryans
pastoral people from central asia
what are Rajas
Claimed to be representatives of the gods, they were not viewed as gods themselves Orginally a cheiftain in the aryan society of early india, a representative of the gods later used more generally to denote a ruler
what is Dharma
the law that governs the universe and specifically human behavior
who is Chandragupta Maurya
founder of the mauryan dynasty
what was traded on the Silk Road
Chinese silk, culture, also diseases(black death plague)
who are the people of Han
Chinese people east ethnic
who invented paper
Cai Lun
what is confucianism
•State Confucianism •Confucian doctrine with Legalist institutions (blend Chinese belief system that focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality
what is the first civil service exams
•Officials on the basis of merit (chosen by the emperor) •165BCE: The first civil service examination •Established academy to train government officials
who is the Han leader
liu band
what is the lingqu canal. Xiang and li rivers
a canal linking both rivers, built for military reasons, and to move supplies across china faster, first canal to connect two river valleys
who was chinas first emperor
Qin Shi Huang
what is the Great Wall of china
Qin Shi was constantly worried about invasions from the north. China was vulnerable to the north. They had problems with nomad invasions. Individual cities to the north began building walls, but the nomads tended to hop from city to city. It was a constant problem. Qin Shi sent workers by the hundreds of thousands north to build an even bigger/better wall, which is the precursor to the Great Wall of China. Their job was to link sections of existing walls and strengthen some sections of existing walls. Some sections of the Qin portions of the wall still stand today.
what ares of Chinese civilization did the Qin standardize
-Eliminate the powers of the landed aristocrats •Peasants taxed and controlled by thestate •Adopted a unified system of weights and measures •Adopted unified/standard money •Unified the Chinese script – writing system/language •Provided for road construction throughout the empire
what is the Art of War
SunTzu writes The Art of War during this period, a book on military strategy and tactics.
what is the warring states period
TheZhou dynasty fell apart partly because the king let ruling positions ( chiefs/governors)in each territory become a hereditary position – rather than being an appointed position every time a chief died. One of these territories is Qin (*Chin). It gains power and conquers the neighboring territories/states during the “Warring States Period”, beginning the Qin dynasty.
legalism said that humans were by nature
bad and evil
Confucius believed that humans were by nature
good
what is legalism in china
a Chinese philosophy that argued that human beings were by nature evil and would follow the correct path only if coerced by harsh laws and stiff punishments. Adopted as official ideology by the Qin Dynasty, it was later rejected but remained influential. Believed in a very powerful government, passing many rules and regulations
what was Confucius ideas
1.Governmentshould be open to all men, not just those of noble birth. 2.Humans are by nature good. 3.It is the duty of humans to work hard to improve your life on earth – It will not be easy. It requires action. 4. He did not believe in democracy – individuals should not elect their leaders. The masses were not intelligent enough to select leaders on their own. 5. He did not believe in hereditary selection of rulers (a practice prevalent during the Zhou dynasty). He thought rulers should be selected on the basis of how they treated others, or their morality/ethics. Rulers should be chosen by merit, not birth. 6.He believed that if rulers ruled justly/correctly, then people would follow them.
what did Akhenaten, memphis, and Thebes have in common
they were all a capital city
what is daosim
•Founded by Lao Tzu or “Laozi” (who may or may not have existed) •Philosopher turned god? •Philosophy concerned with behavior •The action of humans is unimportant – The focus is not necessarily on what you do, but what you don’t do. •The inaction of humans is important – Don’t act on desires that could take you off track. • Humans should not interfere. They should live in harmony with nature – balance is key. •Each person has a dao (way). Think of it as your “Life track” or “path”. • Don’t struggle and get off track – Don’t try to upend thenatural order of things.
what Is yin and yang
•Dualism •Represents the interaction of forces in society •Yin & Yang •Dark & Light •Moon & Sun •Everything is connected and should remain in balance •There is good in bad, and bad in good •Harmony is key •Neither is evil, but too much of either can cause problems
what is the 100 schools of philosophy
•Early beliefs •Universal order known as heaven (Tian) – the supreme power in the sky •Daoism •Proper forms of behavior •Not action, but inaction •Confucianism •Behave in accordance with the Dao •Duty and hard work •Compassion and empathy •Legalism •Humans evil by nature •Social order by firm action by the state •Popular beliefs •Spiritualistic and animistic beliefs •Interest in the occult and astrology •Veneration of ancestors
what is the well field system
•Land worked by peasants for their family •Land worked by peasants for the king •Nine squares
what is the Mandate of Heaven
Zhou kings sought shift from ancestor worship (Shang custom). Heaven maintained order on earth through the king. He was a representative of the gods. If he ruled well (as he should), things would go smoothly. If he didn’t, he would be overthrown. This was their explanation for why they had been able to defeat the Shang.
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