History Test 1

what is civilization?

The transition development from small, nomadic groups to groups of people in towns cities etc

what led to civilization

Easily accessible water, agricultural advancement, development of communication, development of religion, a social structures

what is the Paleolithic age

old Stone Age. no crops or raising animals. learned how to control fire. stone tools

what is the neolithic age

New Stone Age. domesticated livestock, crop storage, writing systems, communication improvement

what is the land between the rivers ?

Between the tigers and Euphrates rivers, receives little rain. Greek for Mesopotamia

what is the Fertile Crescent

the land today known as Iraq. civilization developed writing, law codes, and economic specialization

what is polytheism

Having many gods; belief in or the worship of more than one god.

what is the Sumerian number system

the base of 12 and 60. base 60 is still used in a modified form today. 60 sec, 1 min, 60 min, also used for measuring angles

what is cuneiform

Sumerian writing using wedge-shaped symbols, pressed characters into clay tablets

what is epic of Gilgamesh

an epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king, Gilgamesh, who embarks on a search for the secret of immortality

what are ziggurats

stepped pyramids

what is Nineveh

the first great capital that was built by king Sennacherib

what is Ashurbanipal

the oldest known library

why should we remember the Assyrians

military victories, tech advancements, using torture

what is Zoroastrianism

Persian religion, monotheistic, named after Zoroaster, ahuramazda is good, Ahriman is bad

what are the immortals

an elite group of 10,000 soldiers. the dead were immediately replaced. responsible to guard shah the king

what is Cyrus known for

freeing the jewish captives and allowing them to return their homeland. captured Babylonia

who is darius

was in power when the persian empire was at its height. successor of Cyrus, invades the greek mainland

what are satrapies?

provinces, each ruled by satraps(governor)

who is Sargon(Akkadians)

leader of the Akkadians. legend says he was found as a baby floating in a basket in the river.earliest and great empire builders.

what is monotheism

having only one god

what is royal purple cloth

purple die/cloth made from murex(sea snails). royal purple. expensive

what is Carthage

ancient Phoenician city located on the northern coast of Africa

what are the Phoenicians known for

known for sailing and sea trade. created one of the first great commercial empires

what is the Phoenician alphabet

22 symbols that represented sounds

what are the hanging garden of Babylon

one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

who is Nebuchadnezzar ll

was the most well known ruler, rebuilt Babylon

what is known about the iron weapons in ancient times

Hittites was the first to make iron tools and weapons, stronger and cheaper

who invented coinage

the Lydians

what is the Hammurabi code

collection of 282 law codes

who were the Hammurabi

well-disciplined army of foot soldiers who carried weapons

what is the Nile river important

its unifies upper and lower Egypt
annual floods=surpluses of food
natural barriers to Invasion

what is polytheistic

gods associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces

who is the god atum

first god, creator god

who is the god ra

Sun god

who is the god Amun

patron god of Thebes

who is the god Osiris

lord of the underworld

who is the god aten

god of the sun disc

what are the three kingdoms

Old kingdom
Middle Kingdom
new kingdom

what did civilization look like in the old kingdom

pharaohs=gods
age of prosperity
pyramids built during this time

what did civilization look like in the Middle Kingdom

golden age
pharaoh=Shepard of his people

what did civilization look like in the new kingdom

became the most powerful state in the middle east
pharaohs had massive wealth
new militaristic path

who is Menes

united both upper and lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty

who is djoser

built first stepped pyramid

who is Imhotep

architect that designed djosers pyramid. later made a god by the Egyptians

who is sneferu

built pyramid at medium,
built another pyramid at dasher
built 3 pyramids that lasted to this day

who is Khufu

largest pyramid built under his rule, the great pyramid

who is mentuhotep

reuniting Egypt, first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom

who is Hatshepsut

considered one of Egypts greatest pharaohs
was a queen

who is thutmose lll

succeed hatshepsput, led seventeen military campaigns into syria and canaan and even reached the euphrates river.

who is amenhotep lV

introduced the worship of aten, god of sun disk as the supreme god and later in his reign as the only god.

who is Nefertiti

Akhenaten’s wife. She is known for the Nefertiti Bust, one of the most iconic Egyptian works of art.

who is king tut

restored the old gods. The first tumb that was found and intact and had the most artifacts

who is Howard Carter

he found king tuts tomb

who is rameses ll

regained control of canaan, but new invasions in the thirteenth century by the sea people as the egyptans c

who is smendes

established the capital at tanks, in the northeast nile river

what is the great pyramid

Largest pyramid, was built under King Khufu. to remind the power of the pharaoh

what is the great sphinx

a sphinx has the head of a human, the body of a lion, no known purpose

what is a mastabas

Mastabas (small buildings with a flat roof) were built for the king’s officials.

what is the mummification process

-Mummification was done to ensure the preservation of the physical body so that the spirit, or “double” of the person could return/continue to live after the physical death.

who is Ka

spiritual body in ancient egypt.The “double” of the person, which remained in the tomb. It needed the offerings and items buried with the mummy.

who is Ba

The “soul” of a person, able to leave the tomb at times and return to it.

who is Akh

The “spirit” of a person, which had to travel through the Underworld and Face judgement.

what did Hyksos do

they conquered Egypt

were the Hyksos successful

yes because they had better the and military skills, horse war chariots swell

what did Amenhotep do

tried to introduce the worship of aten, as the supreme god,

Was Amenhotep successful

no his attempt at religious change did not succeed

what is papyrus

paper made from the interior of the papyrus plant

what is hieroglyphic

pictures bases written system with around 1000 character

what is the Rosetta Stone

hieroglyphics was lost until 1799 with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone (4 ft. x 2ft.). It is so called because it was discovered in Rosetta

what is the Indus River known as

known as the border river

what is the writing system of the Harappan

Writing system not yet deciphered. Harappan or indus script. Lines arrows symbols pictures etc

what are important cities in the Indus Valley civilization

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

what did the Indus Valley civilization look like

•Mud-brick village/city surrounded by a mud-brick wall
•35,000 people at its height (similar in size to Meridian)
•Sewage system that carried sewage outside the city
•Some three story houses
•Flush toilets in every house! Private wells!
•We know they traded with the Sumerians.
•Polytheistic – Mother goddess of sorts plus others
•Known for producing excellent pottery (black/red) and sculpture
•Did not build large monuments, temples, etc., like in
Mesopotamia and Egypt.
•May have been the first civilization to create a uniform system of
weights and measures – common units for length, weight, etc.

who are the aryans

pastoral people from central asia

what are Rajas

Claimed to be representatives of the gods, they were not viewed as gods themselves
Orginally a cheiftain in the aryan society of early india, a representative of the gods later used more generally to denote a ruler

what is Dharma

the law that governs the universe and specifically human behavior

who is Chandragupta Maurya

founder of the mauryan dynasty

what was traded on the Silk Road

Chinese silk, culture, also diseases(black death plague)

who are the people of Han

Chinese people east ethnic

who invented paper

Cai Lun

what is confucianism

•State Confucianism
•Confucian doctrine with Legalist institutions (blend
Chinese belief system that focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality

what is the first civil service exams

•Officials on the basis of merit (chosen by the emperor)
•165BCE: The first civil service examination
•Established academy to train government officials

who is the Han leader

liu band

what is the lingqu canal. Xiang and li rivers

a canal linking both rivers, built for military reasons, and to move supplies across china faster, first canal to connect two river valleys

who was chinas first emperor

Qin Shi Huang

what is the Great Wall of china

Qin Shi was constantly worried about invasions from the north.
China was vulnerable to the north. They had problems with nomad invasions. Individual cities to the north began building walls, but the nomads tended to hop from city to city. It was a constant problem. Qin Shi sent workers by the hundreds of
thousands north to build an even bigger/better wall, which is the
precursor to the Great Wall of China. Their job was to link
sections of existing walls and strengthen some sections of existing
walls. Some sections of the Qin portions of the wall still stand today.

what ares of Chinese civilization did the Qin standardize

-Eliminate the powers of the landed aristocrats
•Peasants taxed and controlled by thestate
•Adopted a unified system of weights and measures
•Adopted unified/standard money
•Unified the Chinese script – writing system/language
•Provided for road construction throughout the empire

what is the Art of War

SunTzu writes The Art of War during this period, a book on military strategy and tactics.

what is the warring states period

TheZhou dynasty fell apart partly because the king let ruling positions ( chiefs/governors)in each territory become a hereditary position – rather than being an appointed position every time a chief died. One of these territories is Qin (*Chin). It gains power and conquers the neighboring territories/states during the “Warring States Period”, beginning the Qin dynasty.

legalism said that humans were by nature

bad and evil

Confucius believed that humans were by nature

good

what is legalism in china

a Chinese philosophy that argued that human beings were by nature evil and would follow the correct path only if coerced by harsh laws and stiff punishments. Adopted as official ideology by the Qin Dynasty, it was later rejected but remained influential.
Believed in a very powerful government, passing many rules and regulations

what was Confucius ideas

1.Governmentshould be open to all men, not just those of noble birth.
2.Humans are by nature good.
3.It is the duty of humans to work hard to improve your life on earth – It will not be easy. It requires action.
4. He did not believe in democracy – individuals should not elect their leaders. The masses were not intelligent enough to select leaders on their own.
5. He did not believe in hereditary selection of rulers (a practice prevalent during the Zhou dynasty). He thought rulers should be selected on the basis of how they treated others, or their morality/ethics. Rulers should be chosen by merit, not birth.
6.He believed that if rulers ruled justly/correctly, then people would follow them.

what did Akhenaten, memphis, and Thebes have in common

they were all a capital city

what is daosim

•Founded by Lao Tzu or “Laozi” (who may or may not have existed)
•Philosopher turned god?
•Philosophy concerned with behavior
•The action of humans is unimportant – The focus is not necessarily on what you do, but what you don’t do.
•The inaction of humans is important – Don’t act on desires that could take you off track.
• Humans should not interfere. They should live in harmony with nature – balance is key.
•Each person has a dao (way). Think of it as your “Life track” or “path”.
• Don’t struggle and get off track – Don’t try to upend thenatural order of things.

what Is yin and yang

•Dualism
•Represents the interaction of forces in society
•Yin & Yang
•Dark & Light
•Moon & Sun
•Everything is connected and should remain in balance
•There is good in bad, and bad in good
•Harmony is key
•Neither is evil, but too much of either can cause problems

what is the 100 schools of philosophy

•Early beliefs
•Universal order known as heaven (Tian) – the supreme power in the sky
•Daoism
•Proper forms of behavior
•Not action, but inaction
•Confucianism
•Behave in accordance with the Dao
•Duty and hard work
•Compassion and empathy
•Legalism
•Humans evil by nature
•Social order by firm action by the state
•Popular beliefs
•Spiritualistic and animistic beliefs
•Interest in the occult and astrology
•Veneration of ancestors

what is the well field system

•Land worked by peasants for their family
•Land worked by peasants for the king
•Nine squares

what is the Mandate of Heaven

Zhou kings sought shift from ancestor worship
(Shang custom). Heaven maintained order on earth through the king. He
was a representative of the gods. If he ruled well (as he should), things
would go smoothly. If he didn’t, he would be overthrown. This was their
explanation for why they had been able to defeat the Shang.