Studied by 4 people
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Filial Piety (Confucianism)
a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors
Imperial Bureaucracy
Division of an empire into organized provinces to make it easier to control
Neo-Confucianism
A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.
Buddhism in China
Spread by the Silk Roads, took form of Mahavana Buddhism. Blended with Daoism, formed 'Chan Buddhism' (aka Zen Buddhism).
Grand Canal
Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; strengthened China's internal cohesion and economic development
Textile Industry
Industries primarily concerned with the design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles.
Steel and iron production
A key element during the Song Economic Revolution; helped popularize mass production and new production methods
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.
Abbasid Caliphate
third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.
Turks
Central Asian nomads related to the Xiongnu peoples that pressured Han China. Organized as tribes that constantly fought each other. Most converted to Islam. Most societies sought to trade with settled people. Nobles controlled absolutely in times of war.
Seljuk Empire
An empire formed by Turkish and Persian Sunnis, lasting from 1037 to 1194 A.D.
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Delhi Sultanates
1206, five dynasties ruled over the city of Delhi in India. A former slave, spread Delhi's territory and influence across northern India. He also spread the influence of the Islamic religion throughout the region. After years of conquest, the Sultanate conquered and incorporated that majority of the Indian subcontinent. This resulted in a sort of unification process between the diverse peoples of the region, but also led to a split in Indian culture, as Hindus increasingly fought against the Sultanate in the 16th century, leading to its demise.
Sufis
mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life
Dar al-Islam
an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Abbasid
A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith (monetarists and nunneries)
Great Zimbabwe
A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.
Feudalism
the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
Manorial System
self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship between the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running
Free Labor
Wage-paying rather than slave labor
Coerced Labor
a system where the workers were forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation.
Serfdom
Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions
Chivalry
Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
Chastity
the state or practice of refraining from extramarital, or especially from all, sexual intercourse.
Patriarchy/Patriarchal
a society in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it
Mongols
central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph
Malacca
flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya
Ibn Battuta
Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world
East African trading ports
urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar
Flying money
Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency
Genghis Khan
born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227
Shamanistic religion
Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits
Batu
grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236
Golden Horde
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Genghis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries
Il-khanate
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Genghis Khan; included much of Abbasid empire
Hulegu
grandson of Genghis Khan and rule of Il-khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad
Kublai Khan
grandson of Genghis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271
White Lotus Society
secret Buddhist religious society dedicated to overthrowing of Yuan dynasty
Ethnocentrism
judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history
Ex. Manchu(Qing) and Han Chinese
Timbuktu
trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people
Marco Polo
traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan
Junks
Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s. It had a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.
Kashgar and Samarkand
major trading cities on the silk roads
Pax Mongolia
Also known as the mongol peace. A time when global trade expanded due to the political stability provided by mongol rulers.
Mongol Khanates
Regions held under control of Mongol Khans following the death of Genghis Khan including Khanates of Chaghati, Golden Horde (Russia), the Great Khan and Il-khanate of Persia.
Swahili city-states
Warring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. Established by Swahili., many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.
Diasporic communities
merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas. Examples included Arab and Perisan communities, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, and Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin
Mali
The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.
Camel Saddles
with the advent of these, camels could now be used to transport iron technology, slaves, salt, and gold across the Sahara, and could be used in battle. It also facilitated the spread of Arabic language systems into Northern Africa
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. Increased contact between Eurasian world and Africa
monsoon winds
seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons
ivory
hard white material made from elephant tusks
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Lateen Sail
Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind.
compass
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
Caravanserai
an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa.
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure was: Mongols on top, then Persian bureaucrats, then Chinese bureaucrats.
Syncretism
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helped end feudalism.
Southernization
idea that it was the innovations and developments from the global south which transformed the world in 600-1450 periodization. It contrasts with the idea of "westernization".
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
Gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
Afro-Eurasian Trade
system of trade routes that stretched across land and water from China throughout the Middle East and ending in either Africa or Europe. The network ultimately was derived from the Silk Road, with most merchants traveling the harsh routes to attempt to gather precious resources from China or India who were both abundant in resources and powerful. This system opened up communication for ideas, religion, and goods, allowing the spread of religions such as Islam and allowing nobility in the west to receive goods such as silk.
porcelain
a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures
silk
a valuable cloth, originally made only in China from threads spun by caterpillars called silkworms
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Silk Road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Indian Ocean Trade
connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.
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