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Communication
The process of acting on information
Human communication
The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages.
3 Criteria of Communication Competence
The message should be understood
The message should achieve its intended effect
The message should be ethical
The 3 Communication Models
Human communication as action
Human communication as interaction
Human communication as Transaction
What is human communication as action?
Human communication is linear withs the transfer or exchange of info. (when the message is sent and received)
What is human communication as Interaction?
Human communication occurs as the receiver of the message responds to the source through feedback. (Views communication as a linear sequence of actions and reactions)
What is human commun
What are communication models?
Visual depictions or descriptions of the major elements included in the communication process.
What are the communication contexts?
Physical
Historical
Psychological
Cultural
What is the physical context of communication?
the place where the communication occurs
What is the historical context of communication?
the influence of the past on present and future communication.
What is the psychological context of communication?
the influence of one’s mental and emotional state on communication.
What is the cultural context of communication?
our identification with groups and society, as well as our level of perceived power and position.
What are the 5 characteristics of communication?
communication is inescapable
communication is irreversible
What is interpersonal and impersonal communication?
Impersonal: communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people.
Interpersonal communication: between two people who acommunication that occurs simultaneously
Material self
the element of self reflected in all the tangible things you own
Social self
your concept of self as developed through your personal, social, interactions with others
Spiritual self
your concept of self based on your beliefs and your sense of who you are in relation to other forces in the universe also includes your thoughts and introspection about your values and moral standards.
Self esteem
your assessment of your worth/value as reflected in your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents and appearances.
Gender
a cultural construction that includes one’s biological sex, psychological and emotional characteristics, attitudes about the sexes and sexual orientation
Social comparison
The process of comparing oneself to others to measure one’s worth.
Self-expectations
rules/standards we set for ourself
self-fulfilling prophecy
the notion that predictions about one’s future are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true.
What are the stages of becoming self-aware/competent?
Unconscious Incompetence: we don’t know what we don’t know.
Conscious incompetence: we don’t know what we know
Conscious competence: we are aware that we know/can do something but it has not yet become an integrated skill/habit.
Unconscious competence: skills become second nature. We know/can do smth. but don’t have to concentrate to be able to act on knowledge/draw on skill.
Symbol
a word, sound, gesture/visual image that represents a thought, concept, object, or experience.
Meaning
A person’s interpretation of a symbol
connotative meaning
the personal/subjective meaning of a word
concrete meaning
something that can be perceived or experienced with one of the senses
denotative meaning
the restrictive or literal meaning of a word
abstract meaning
refers to something that cannot be perceived or experienced with one of the senses.
meanings are culture bound
the meaning of a word can change from culture to culture
meanings are context bound
the situation/context for communication aids people as they attach meaning to symbols
trigger words
forms of language that arouse strong emotions in listeners
allness
a word barrier created through the use of language that reflects unqualified often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations.
polarization
the tendency to describe things in extremes, as through no middle ground existed
Gunny-Sacking
dredging up someone’s past mistakes/problems and linking them to a current situation.
Ways words have power
create and label experience
communicate feelings
affect thoughts and actions
shape and reflect culture
make and break relationships
Nonverbal communication
communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
Nonverbal functions of nonverbal comm.
can substitute for verbal messages
delivered simultaneously with verbal messages and complement, clarify or extend the meaning of verbal cures
can contradict our verbal cues
repeat our verbal actions
regulate our participation in conversation
accent or reinforce our verbal message
Perception checking
the skill of asking other observers/the person being observed whether your interpretation of their nonverbal behavior is accurate.
