families and households part 4

birth rate

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

fertility rate

average number of children women will have during their childbearing years

infant mortality rate

- the number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year

Life expectancy

- the average age an individual will live to

- in the Uk in 2018 to 2020 was 79 for males and 82.9 for females

net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

natural populaiton change

- changes in size of population due to changes in numebrs of births and deaths

global populaiton stats

- in 1801 Britain had population of 10.5 and by 2031 its estimated to rise to 71 million

average age of motherhood

- 30.7 years

- 72% women work

2000s Baby boom

• in the 2000s there was a new baby boom.

• The TFR of 1.6 children per women was at its lowest level for the time in 2001 and between 2001 and 2008 it increased each year.

• By 2008 it had reached the highest since 1973 at 1.96

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

- believes that changes to child centredness to be linked to individualisation as people are more likely to choose what is best for them and be more selfish in family planning

McKeown

• Better diet caused the death rate to half

• Vitamins and healthy living leads to increased life expectancy

A03 Nhs report

- half of the Uk obese by 2030

tranter

-over 3/4 deaths in 1850-60s were deaths from infections and he says that the results for this is immunisations, antibiotics more testing and maturity

1930s

- refugees fleeing the war (most were white immigrants)

1950s

-colonies - carribean countries from the commonwealth

60s/70s

Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian, Uganda and Kenya (fleeing persecution) - encouraged to solve labour shortages in UK

2000

migration of new EU countries (Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland _2004) - Bulgaria and Romania (2007-13 restrictions to 10,000 per year)

public health improvements

800 women die a day from childbirth and in Uk its less than 1 in 10,000

Danny Dorling

- cuts to the Nhs probvisons will lead to increase of death numbers

Mckeown higher incomes

- higher wages allow for people to spend on amenities such as a gym membership

Walker

poorer areas in england die 7 years before

ageing population stats

by 2030 there is an anticipated 21,000 centarians

-there are nearly 12 milion people aged 65 or over in britain

hirsch

in 2041 there will be as many 78 year olds as 5 year olds

Donald hirsch

- ageing population has greater effect on public services like the NHS

- housing policy may need to change to encourage elderly people to trade down into smaller accommodation -some accommodation favours the elderly - less homes for the young

- he ageing of the population means there will be greater numbers of elderly dependents in the future but fewer workers to support them, and consequently an increase in the burden of dependency

Spijker and MacInnes

• Over 65s are ‘fitter than ever’- they are also often keen to avoid dependency

• legal abolition of retirement age means that individuals can choose to work past 65

lawton

-the employment rate of those aged 65 or over has increased faster than any other age group in the last decade - they can give back to economy - significant falls in pensioner poverty over the last 30 years

dependecy ratio

In 2015 there were 3.2 people of working age for every one pensioner, it is predicted to fall to 2.8 by 2033

hirsch on dependency ratio

- argues we will need new policies to finance a longer old age. This could be done by paying more taxes or by raising the retirement age, or both

lawton consumerism

- grey pound

-The purchasing power of older people - make an important contribution to the UK economy in the leisure and culture industries

hunt

we can choose lifestyle regardless of age

ageism

29% rreportes suffering from age discrimination

- structured dependency as old are excluded from paid work and forced to be dependent on family mebers and state

philipson

old people are of no use to capitalism so the state is unwilling to adequately provide for them so the family has to

ageing population on households

- there were 500,000 three-generation households in the UK

- RIAS study (2012) noted that an estimated 5.8 million grandparents look after the grandchildren regularly

- Soule et al found that 42% of SA men and 68% of SA women lived in extended households.

Brannen

-notes that due to the rise in women's career aspirations they have fewer children and therefore there is a rise in bean-pole families

migration a03

-Migrant women have higher fertility rates but these fall in line with the UK average the longer families settle in the UK

-

1999 Immigration and Asylum Act

- made it tougher for asylum seekers to settle in britain

1971 Immigration Act

- gave commonwealth countries an indefinite right to stay in the UK

Age stratification of GB population

• In 2011 the average UK passport holders age was 41 whereas for non UK passport holders the average age for those living in Britain was 31

south asian families

-Berthoud discovered Majority of Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities live in nuclear families

33% live in multigenerational extended families - Sikhs and East African Asians

victor et al

-studied SA families in South England - found 90% lived in multigenerational families 2-3 gens

SA tend to be more traditional in terms of family values compared to white, thus little divorce or cohabitation

bhatti

-found strong sense of Izzat. Fathers tend to have traditional breadwinner role

African Carribean family structure

Women are more likely to be employed than men

Chamberlain and Goulbourne's study of African Caribbean single mothers are supported by an extended kinship network bringing up children despite not living together

Fictive kin- including family friends and neighbours as aunts and uncles.

Over 50% of African Caribbean families with children are lone-parent families

chamberlain

-found siblings, aunts and uncles play a more important role compared to White British families

beck and beck gernshein eastern european families

-practice distant love and 'world families' as adult males often migrate for work opportunities to increase standard of living

globalisation and migration

-The UN found between 2000-2013 international migration increased by 33% to reach 232 million or 3.2% of the world's population

-

helots and denizens

- Denizens are privileged foreign nationals welcomes by the state

- Helots are the most exploited groups. State and employers regard them as 'disposable units of labour power' a reserve army of labour. They are found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegal trafficked workers, and those legally tied to particular employers such as domestic servants.

enherinch and hoschild

-care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poor countries

chambers

mail order brides

eade

- Hybrid identities- made up of two or more different sources.

erikson

-Rather than seeing themselves as belonging to one country, migrants may develop transnational identities, particularly due to globalisation as technology has made it possible to keep global ties without the need to travel.

-Chinese migrants in Rome found Mandarin more useful than Italian - mandarin was important for global business connections - less likely to assimilate

castles

-argues that assimilation is counterproductive because they are highlighting migrants as different and 'others' which minorities respond by emphasising their difference. This increases the hosts' suspicion of them making assimilation less likely.