9.1- 9.3: Reversible Reactions

concentration of reactants

The and products remains constant (given there is no other change to the system such as temperature and pressure)

Nitrogen

and hydrogen react together to form ammonia.

Equilibrium

means theres no overall change.

chemical equations

When writing for reversible reactions, two arrows are used to indicate the forward and reverse reactions.

Le Chateliers Principle

states that when a change is made to the conditions of a system at equilibrium, the system automatically moves to oppose the change.

Nitrogen dioxide

can form dinitrogen tetroxide, a colourless gas.

Water of crystallisation

is indicated with a dot written in between the salt molecule and the surrounding water molecules.

II

When hydrated cobalt () chloride is heated, it loses its water of crystallisation and turns into anhydrous cobalt () chloride:

nitrogen

When only and hydrogen are present at the beginning of the reaction, the rate of the forward reaction is at its highest, since the concentrations of hydrogen and are at their highest.

II

When hydrated copper () sulfate is heated, it loses its water of crystallisation and turns into anhydrous copper () sulfate:

so the reaction can go i either direction

it is reversible

Example

 Iodine monochloride reacts reversibly with chlorine to form iodine trichloride

What are the conditions required for the haber process?

high temp (450°) catalyst ; iron, high pressure 200atm

disadvantages of using low temperature and high pressure

high temp requires a lot of energy and low temperature slows down the reaction

how can presence of ammonia gas be tested?

red litmus paper will turn blue

what does a dehydration agent do

removes the water out of compounds

what are uses of sulfuric acid

manufacture of fertilizers, pigments, dyes, drugs, explosives, detergents, and inorganic salts and acids, as well as in petroleum refining and metallurgical processes.