Anatomy and Physiology Terms

transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

saggital plane (median)

divides the body into a right and left side

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

superior

above

Inferior

below

Ventral

front

Dorsal

back

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

Medial

toward the midline

Midline

An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.

Lateral

away from the midline

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Acromial

point of shoulder

Antebrachial

forearm

Axillary

armpit

Buccal

cheek

celiac

abdomen

coxal

hip

crural

leg

femoral

thigh

genital

reproductive

gluteal

buttock

inguinal

groin

mental

chin

occipital

lower back of head

orbital

eye cavity

otic

ear

palmar

palm of hand

pectoral

chest

pedal

foot

plantar

sole of foot

popliteal

back of knee

sacral

area between hips

tarsal

instep of foot

Umbilical

navel

Vertebral

spinal column

bilateral

same structure on different sides

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral anatomy

non paired, different sides

10 major characteristics of life

1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3. Growth
4. Reproduction
5. Digestion
6. Absorption
7. Assimilation - changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
8. Circulation
9. Respiration - (use of oxygen; removal
of CO2)
10. Excretion

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord

Mediastinum

Centrally located space between the lungs

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

viscera

organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

parietal pleura

lines the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

Parietal

membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

oral cavity

contains teeth and tongue

nasal cavity

located within and posterior to the nose

orbital cavity

contains the eyes

middle ear cavities

openings in the skull that serve as chambers for transmitting and amplifying sound

pleural cavity

space between the pleural and visceral membranes

serous fluid

lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

Parietal vs Visceral Membranes

PARIETAL - double-layered membrane attached to wall cavity. VISCERAL - double-layered membrane covering the internal organ.

Pericardial membrane (pericardium)

membrane that surrounds the heart

peritoneal membrane

lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs

negative feedback homeostasis

going back to regular conditions due to stimulus from the environment

positive feedback homeostasis

causes body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis towards chaos

4 primary types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities are avascular

Avascular

without blood vessels

squamous epithelium

thin, flat cells

cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells

columnar epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue with cylindrical cells, sometimes have cilia

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

stratified epithelium

more than one layer of cells

Epithelium is classified by

cell shape and cell layers

basement membrane

Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes mucus

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a SINGLE layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream, inside the body, don't have ducts

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

extracellular matrix

The nonliving substance in which connective tissue cells are embedded consists of protein and fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells. Help hold tissues together and communicate between cells.

Fibroblast cells

most common cell in connective tissue, makes ECM (Extracellular matrix) and collagen fibers

macrophages

macro-phage\= "big-to eat", eliminate bacteria and viruses, also called phagocytic

collagen fibers

most abundant protein in the body

mast cells

produce heparin (stops blood from clotting) and histamine (inflammation and allergies)

connective tissue fibers

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

collagenous fibers

Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and delicate

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

Two Connective Tissue Proper Subclasses

Connective Tissue Proper: loose and dense; areolar,elastic, adipose, reticular
specialized connective tissue: cartilage, bone, blood

areolar connective tissue

Binds Organs (beneath skin, surrounds organs) holds tissue fluid

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

reticular tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

elastic cartilage

flexible, external ear, larynx

Fibrocartilage

very tough, shock absorber, intervertebral discs

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells, no direct blood supply bc get nutrients from diffusion, heals slowly

bone cells

osteocytes

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix for calcium