Quiz 10

Experts categorize problems based on
a. event-specific knowledge.
b. surface and deep structures.
c. how similar the objects in the problem are.
d. general principles that problems share.

d. general principles that problems share.

What childhood insight influenced Demis Hassabis’s trajectory toward AI?
a. A belief that mathematics was the only path to innovation
b. A preference for biology over computer science
c. A realization that human cognitive power could be amplified through computers
d. A conclusion that traditional education could not support his goals

c. A realization that human cognitive power could be amplified through computers

What early achievement demonstrated Demis Hassabis’s aptitude for strategic thinking?
a. Winning an international coding competition
b. Becoming London under eight chess champion at age six
c. Publishing a paper on neuroscience at age ten
d. Building his first robot at age nine

b. Becoming London under eight chess champion at age six

Insight refers to
a. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.
b. prior learning hindering problem solving.
c. the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.
d. prior learning facilitating problem solving.

c. the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Experts are typically individuals who have spent how many hours in their field?
a. 10,000
b. 100
c. 50,000
d. 1,000

a. 10,000

Which is LEAST likely to demonstrate functional fixedness?
a. A set of keys for a janitor
b. A laptop computer for an engineer
c. A balloon that a child has never seen before
d. A banana for a monkey

c. A balloon that a child has never seen before

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
a. operators.
b. subgoals.
c. intermediate states.
d. mental sets.

a. operators.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
a. continuity and form.
b. reorganization or restructuring.
c. sensory operators.
d. multiple goal states.

b. reorganization or restructuring.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make “warmth” judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and noninsight problems.
b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.
c. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.
d. show that some problems are easier to solve than others.

a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and noninsight problems.

In Kaplan and Simon’s experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in which group had the fastest response time?
a. Bread and butter
b. Color
c. Blank
d. Black and pink

a. Bread and butter

Which of the following is a difference between experts and novices described in the textbook?
a. Experts are faster problem solvers.
b. Experts are more methodical when problem solving.
c. Novices take longer to process problems.
d. Novices organize information more effectively.

b. Experts are more methodical when problem solving.

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of which in problem solving?
a. Analogy
b. Mental set
c. Functional fixedness
d. Means-end analysis

a. Analogy

A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle is known as a(n):
a. Problem
b. Representation
c. Insight
d. Gestalt

a. Problem

Subgoals serve a key role in which of these?
a. Means-end analysis
b. Volitional daydreaming
c. Creative cognition
d. Functional fixedness

a. Means-end analysis

Which is an element of how psychologists define a problem?
a. There is no obstacle between the present state and the goal state.
b. The solution is not immediately obvious.
c. The initial state is not clearly defined.
d. The goal state is not clearly defined.

b. The solution is not immediately obvious.

After finding a longer route to work following closures for construction, which is represented by continuing to pursue the longer path after the shorter one is reopened?
a. Convergent thinking
b. S source problem
c. A mental set
d. A single dissociation

c. A mental set

In the two-string problem, the set of pliers are often first viewed as unrelated to solving the problem due to which principle?
a. Representation
b. Functional fixedness
c. Noninsight
d. Insight

b. Functional fixedness

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves
a. search.
b. algorithms.
c. insight.
d. parity.

a. search.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves which of these three steps?
a. Restructuring, searching, and simulating
b. Surfacing, structuring, and generalizing
c. Noticing, mapping, and applying
d. Well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis

c. Noticing, mapping, and applying

What key combination of techniques enabled DeepMind’s breakthrough on Atari games such as Pong and Breakout?
a. Reinforcement learning combined with deep learning
b. Decision trees combined with probabilistic models
c. Supervised learning combined with imitation learning
d. Genetic algorithms combined with symbolic logic

a. Reinforcement learning combined with deep learning