AB_Chapter_22_The_Industrial_Revolution-1

Industrial Revolution

The period from 1750 to 1900 characterized by increased mechanization of production and significant social changes.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region, involving technological advancements and social changes.

Cottage industry

A system in which merchants provided raw materials to individuals who produced goods in their own homes.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms, which forced small farmers to migrate to urban areas.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts that can be used interchangeably in manufacturing, allowing for easier repairs and production.

Steam Engine

A machine that converts steam power into mechanical work, revolutionizing transport and factory production.

Urbanization

The migration of populations from rural areas to cities, often resulting in the growth of urban areas.

Proletariat

The working class, especially in the context of industrial society and Marxist theory.

Bessemer Process

An industrial process for making steel from molten pig iron by adding air, leading to mass production of steel.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory advocated by John Stuart Mill, focusing on actions that maximize happiness and welfare for the greatest number.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and the pursuit of profit.

Socialism

A political and economic system in which the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Utopian Socialism

A type of socialism that seeks to create ideal communities based on cooperative principles.

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that women should remain the primary homemakers and should embody virtues of piety, purity, and submissiveness.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of goods at low cost, typically through assembly line methods.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages, working conditions, and labor rights.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society.

Laissez-faire

The economic philosophy opposing government intervention in business affairs, promoting free-market capitalism.

Steamship

A ship powered by steam engines, transforming maritime transportation and enabling rapid travel on rivers and oceans.

Second Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on steel, chemicals, and electricity.