AB_Chapter_22_The_Industrial_Revolution-1

Page 7: Child Labor in Factories and Mines

• Low Wages and Child Labor

  • Factory workers earned low wages, prompting them to send children into the workforce.

  • Children as young as five worked in textile mills and mines due to their small size and agility.

• Working Conditions in Factories

  • Children could access tight spaces in machinery for repairs but suffered from lung damage due to textile dust.

• Dangerous Mining Conditions

  • Child laborers in coal mines faced oppressive heat and heavy loads.

  • Coal dust posed severe health risks, with mine collapses and floods threatening safety.

Page 8: Urbanization and its Effects

Effects on Urban Areas

• Increased Urbanization

  • Industrialization led to rapid urban growth, often lacking proper government planning.

  • Resulted in damaging ecological footprints and poor living conditions for the impoverished.

  • Families lived in poorly constructed tenements in urban slums with common issues like polluted water and open sewers.

• Health Risks

  • Unsanitary living conditions contributed to diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis.

Effects on Class Structure

• Emergence of Classes

  • New societal classes arose; the working class was at the bottom, laboring in factories and mines.

  • Working-class laborers were low-skilled and easily replaceable, leading to lower wages compared to previous eras.

• Middle-Class Emergence

  • Included office managers, small business owners, and professionals; white-collar jobs surged, allowing higher literacy rates.

• Wealthy Industrialists

  • Industrialists became the new elite, overshadowing traditional landed aristocracy in societal power.

Page 9: Effects on Women's Lives and Mass Culture

Women's Lives

• Working-Class Women

  • Entered workforce in mines and textile factories, earning significantly less than men.

  • Labor in mines was ended in the UK during the 1840s.

• Middle-Class Women

  • Spared factory labor but faced limited roles, with housewives becoming a status symbol.

  • Consumer culture idealized domesticity, guiding women's roles towards homemaking.

The Rise of Feminism

• Emerging Feminism

  • Employment vacancies created new opportunities for women; 1848 Seneca Falls was pivotal for women's equality.

Effects on Mass Culture

• Consumerism and Leisure

  • A culture of consumerism developed as industrial production required continued consumption, primarily targeting the middle class.

  • Popular leisure activities like biking and boating encouraged by companies, believing sports fostered discipline.

• Sports Growth

  • Soccer gained popularity in Europe; baseball dominated in the U.S. as an escape from industrial life.

Page 10: Environmental and Business Changes

Environmental Effects

• Pollution from Industrialization

  • Heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributed to extreme air and water pollution.

  • Industrial waste severely impacted environmental health in urban areas.

Business Organization

• Corporate Structures

  • Corporations emerged to minimize risk; stockholders incurred limited liabilities.

  • Monopolies formed when companies eliminated competition, such as Krupp's steel dominance in Germany.

Responses to Industrialization

• Resistance and Labor Unions

  • Poor working conditions led to labor unions advocating better wages and work conditions; secrecy in organizing persisted until the early 20th century.

  • Unions progressively improved worker rights, securing minimum wage laws and reduced working hours.

Page 11: Social and Economic Reforms

Growth of Labor Unions

• Advocacy for Workers

  • Social reformers pressured for better living conditions and child labor restrictions, influencing policy changes.

  • Banned child labor in coal mines and mandated education for children aged 5-10 by the 1880s.

• Germany's Social Reforms

  • Implemented comprehensive reforms for workers' security, led by Chancellor Bismarck to mitigate social unrest.

Global Interdependence

• International Labor and Trade

  • British factories sourced raw materials globally, establishing interdependence.

  • Advocacy for international unions sought solidarity in labor rights.

Page 12: Intellectual Reactions to Industrialization

Capitalism and Reform

• Adam Smith's Capitalism

  • Advocated for laissez-faire capitalism, underscoring the market's "invisible hand".

• John Stuart Mill's Reforms

  • Critiqued capitalism's inhumanity; proposed reforms for workers and promoted utilitarianism to ensure majority welfare.

Socialism and Marxism

• Utopian Socialism

  • Criticized capitalism, proposing collective ownership of resources to alleviate poverty.

• Karl Marx's Theories

  • Advocated for workers' control over means of production; highlighted class exploitation and envisioned an equitable society through communism.

Anarchism

• Proudhon's Views

  • Believed a stateless society could solve societal issues, emphasizing community self-governance.

Page 13: Industrial Revolution's Legacy

• Mass Production Impact

  • Produced goods became cheaper and more accessible, perpetuating urban migration from rural areas.

  • Industrialization prompted global inequalities, driving colonial resource exploitation.

• Natural Resource Consequences

  • Exploitative practices dismantled early industrialism in various regions, leading to a second wave of colonialism.

Life Expectancy Growth

• Comparative Life Expectancy| Country | 1800 | 1900 | 2000 ||---------------|------|------|------|| Argentina | 33 | 37 | 74 || China | 32 | 32 | 72 || Germany | 38 | 44 | 78 || Great Britain | 39 | 46 | 78 || India | 25 | 18 | 61 || Japan | 36 | 37 | 81 || Russia | 30 | 31 | 65 || Saudi Arabia | 32 | 32 | 76 || United States | 39 | 49 | 77 |

Source: Gapminder.org