Exam 2 Questions

Which physics law have mass and temp as a constant, but when pressure is altered, the volume of gas also changes in an inverse manner?

boyle’s law

What is the PO2 of atmospheric air?

159mmHg

What happens when diffusion distance increases?

diffusion rate decreases

Which of these helps create recoil tendency?

surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which of these is NOT a force thoracic muscles have to overcome for inhalation?

diffusion partial pressure

Which of these is the term for the maze-like passages in the nose?

conchae

Which layer produces the serous secretions?

submucosa

What cells produce surfactant in the bronchi?

clara cells

Which of these means difficulty breathing?

dyspnea

Which of these explain the relationship between ventilation and perfusion?

If the ratio is < normal then perfusion is good but ventilation is not

If the ratio is > normal then perfusion is good but ventilation is exceeding perfusion of tissues

In the trachea, there are (2 words) ______ that produce mucin that forms a mucus barrier to help trap foreign material. There are also (2 words) _____ that push the foreign material out of the respiratory tract.

goblet cells

ciliated cells

With the oxygen extraction fraction, if the volume of O2 in the blood is 20% and there is a 5% yield, then the fraction of O2 that is given up by the blood to the tissues is 1/4 of the volume.

true

At what pressure of PO2 does hemoglobin release oxygen for gas exchange?

40mmHg

The conchae are important for humidifying inhaled air. This is why it is well vascularized.

true

How is physiologic dead space different from residual volume?

Physiologic dead space involves inspired air that isn't involved in gas exchange, while residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration.

Which of these are factors the muscle work of the lungs has to overcome?

elastic and surface tension forces

non-elastic forces

airway resistance

The purpose of (2 words) ______ is to help expel air out of the lungs. This is due to the stretched elastin fibers wanting to snap back to a relaxed state.

look at quiz 5

Functional residual capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

false

Which of these are cells found within the alveoli?

Pneumocytes Type I

Pneumocytes Type II

Dust cells

Hypoxic vasoconstriction response is activated by the PO2 of the alveolar gas, not the PO2 of pulmonary arterial blood

true

When distance of diffusion (1 word) ______ diffusion rate (1 word) ______ due to the change of distance inhibiting efficient exchange

increases

decreases

What is the relationship with intrapulmonic pressure during inspiration and expiration?

During inspiration, the pressure becomes subatmospheric (negative) while expiration becomes higher than atmospheric (positive). This helps the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Which of these is the term for labored breathing?

Dyspnea

Why is having surface tension with no buffer in the lungs problematic?

The pressure required to inflate the lungs increases with the decrease in radius, making it more difficult to fully inhale

Which is related to decreased ventilation?

hypoventiliation

What activates hypoxic vasoconstriction?

alveolar PO2

At what PO2 do we see 97.5% saturation?

100 mmHg

On the pulmonary side, which directions do bicarb and Cl- go in the RBCs?

bicarb in, Cl- out

Amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle

tidal volume

Amount of air that can still be inspired after inhaling the tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can still be expired after exhaling the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

residual volume

Sum of all volumes

total lung capacity

Sum of all volumes over and above the residual volume; it is the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in after the most forceful expiration

vital capacity

Sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

inspiratory capacity

Sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume

functional residual capacity

Put in order the pathway of air through the respiratory system

nose/mouth →

larynx →

trachea →

bronchi →

primary bronchioles →

terminal bronchioles →

respiratory bronchioles →

alveolar ducts →

alveolar sacs →

alveoli

A

glottis

B

arytenoid cartilage

C

vocal cords

D

epiglottis

E

thyroid cartilage

F

cricoid cartilage

Secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer

goblet cells

Use finger-like projects to help expel foreign material

ciliated cells

Responsible for normal cell replacement and epithelial remodeling upon lung injury

basal cells

Non-ciliated cells that produce and secrete surfactant components

clara cells

Cells that perform gas exchange

Pneumocytes type I

Secretory cells that fuse with the cell membranes and secrete pulmonary surfactant

Pneumocytes type II

Mobile scavengers that engulf foreign particles in the lungs

Alveolar macrophages/ dust cells

Recoil tendency of the lungs is due to fibrous collagen fibers holding lung structure and surface tension of the alveolar fluid.

false

Which of these is NOT a layer of the trachea?

serosa

In the OHDC, a shift to the (1 word) ______means there is an increased affinity for O2, and therefore, less O2 that is yielded into the tissues. A shift to the (1 word) _____ means there is decreased affinity for O2, and therefore, more O2 is yielded into the tissues

left

right

Normal quiet breathing with no deviation in frequency or depth

eupnea

Difficulty breathing, where visible effort is required to breathe

dyspnea

Breathing with increased depth, frequency, or both, and is noticeable after physical exertion

hyperpnea

Rapid shallow breathing, similar to panting

polypnea

A cessation of breathing

apnea

Excessive rapidity of breathing

tachypnea

Abnormal slowness of breathing

bradypnea

When discussing the ventilation:perfusion ratio, why are the naturally different between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the lungs?

Gravity influences the ability of the blood to travel to different sections of the lung. Dorsal aspect has less perfusion but more ventilation and ventral has more perfusion but less ventilation to balance this out.

The (1 word) _____are the next part after the trachea. These have less goblet cells, but still contain a partial cartilage ring. The (1 word) ____ are the next section after that. They don't have any goblet cells and have no cartilage.

bronchi

bronchioles

In normal ventilation, there is (3 words)______ in which some of the air doesn't come in contact with capillaries to allow perfusion. This is a normal event to help cool the body and humidify the air.

physiologic dead space

What is the purpose of hypoxic vasoconstriction?

Redirect blood away from deoxygenated to well oxygenated areas to keep perfusion rate consistent

In the ventilation: perfusion ratio, what does it mean if the ratio is less than normal?

Perfusion is normal but ventilation is not

What is the relationship between intrapulmonic and intrapleural pressures in relation to respiration?

Intrapleural creates the negative pressure system that helps keep the lungs inflated during inspiration when intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures equalize out.

Which of these is NOT a factor that can lead to the reduction of O2 pressure in the lungs, blood, and tissues?

Large quantity of O2 concentration is consistently exhaled with CO2

Volume of gas moved in or out of airways and alveoli over a certain period of time

total ventilation

Total volume of gas moved in or out of airways and alveoli in 1 min

minute ventilation

Alveolar ventilation increased beyond metabolic needs and a PACO2 below 40 mmHg

hyperventilation

Disturbances of acid–base equilibrium where the pH of blood [H+] is increased or decreased, respectively, from normal

Respiratory alkalosis/acidosis

Normal ventilation in which a PACO2 of about 40 mmHg is maintained

Normoventilation

Made up of alveoli with diminished capillary perfusion, and little or no diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the membranes of most of the airways

Dead space ventilation

Alveolar ventilation decreased below metabolic needs and a PACO2 above 40 mmHg

hypoventilation

Which of these is NOT part of the right lung?

Caudal part of the cranial lobe

Lipid-soluble substances, such as electrolytes, cannot diffuse freely through the capillary wall. On the other hand, water-soluble lipid-insoluble substances, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can diffuse freely through the wall. 

false

Abdominal breathing is done when something in the chest is painful. Costal breathing is the normal type of breathing that an animal does when there is no clinical illness.

false

In the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, when the PO2 has reached its maximum pressure of 100mmHg, the saturation level of hemoglobin is also at max of 97.5%. This means that the blood is fully oxygenated.

true

How is the blood cooled for the brain?

Smaller arteries are bathed in venous blood before they feed into larger vessels for the brain

Which physical force is associated to tiny particles in alveoli?

brownian motion

Which of these is NOT a way a particle is gotten rid of?

Insoluble particle diffusion into blood

What is the purpose of panting?

Heat dissipation

Which term means low O2 content in arterial blood?

Hypoxemia

Which part of the respiratory center system has the primary job of inhibiting inspiration?

pneumotaxic center

Which of these is NOT a location for Hering-Breuer reflex receptors?

heart

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

decreasing PaCO2

What's the purpose of the braking effect?

LOOK AT TOPHAT

What is the purpose of the renorenal reflex?

Balances renal excretory function between kidneys, especially when there is damage to one.

Which of these methods are related to alveolar clearance?

Alveolar macrophages phagocytose foreign material

Foreign material is solubilized by alveolar fluid and drained into lymph tissue

Particles migrated to mucus blanket of tracheobronchial system

The respiratory center has 4 parts. The apneustic center has no known job. The (2 words) ______ limits inspiration. The (3 words) ______ helps set up the respiratory rhythm with the DRG, though it focuses mostly on expiration. The (3 words) ______ also helps set up the respiratory rhythm, but focuses more on inspiration.

pneumotaxic center

ventral respiratory group

dorsal respiratory group

Which term is related to poor O2 saturation due to low PO2 in the atmosphere, usually from being at high altitudes?

Ambient hypoxia

What is the advantage of having receptors in the skin and joints/tendons in relation to the Hering-Breuer Reflex of respiration?

Skin receptor stimulation helps start the breathing cycle of newborns, and joint/tendon receptor stimulation increases respiration rate during exercise.

What is the purpose of the upper air passage reflex?

Protect the respiratory tract from harmful substances that may be inhaled

Which of these is NOT part of the respiratory center?

Rostral ventromedial medulla

What is the difference between corticomedullary and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Corticomedullary has nephrons mostly in cortex with a short loop of Henle. Juxtamedullary has nephrons in cortex close to medulla and have a long loop of Henle

Particle size can dictate where it gets trapped in the respiratory system. Larger particles are more often found deep into the lower respiratory while smaller particles tend to stay more in the upper respiratory

false

What are the specialized cells of the bladder?

Transitional cells

What is the name of the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder?

detrusor muscle

The braking effect promotes the loss of CO2 and H+ to prevent massive changes to the body fluid's pH. It does this by increasing the alveolar respiration.

false

What happens when an animal has atelectasis?

It is a failure of the alveoli to open or remain open and usually involves one or more relatively small areas of lung