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What was the original purpose of the civil war? How did it change?
Original Purpose: To save the Union
New Purpose: Saving the union while freeing the slaves
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863) set the goal
13th Amendment (ratified Dec. 1865)
Reconstruction aims for the North, South, and Freed Slaves
North: Assurance of no more secession, no more slavery
South: Make things the way they used to be (local autonomy, white supremacy)
Freed slaves: equality and justice-freedom from white control
Early Reconstruction: What was Lincoln’s plan?
Lenient'-with malice toward none, with charity for all
Early Reconstruction: What were the black codes?
Vagrancy laws, employment restrictions (ante-bellum south)
These laws aimed to maintain white supremacy by imposing harsh restrictions on their movement, labor, and civil rights.
Radical Reconstruction: What happened to the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
It was vetoed by Andrew Johnson
Radical Reconstruction: What was the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?
South was divided into 5 military districts
Radical Reconstruction: What was the 14th Amendment?
The 14th Amendment was a constitutional amendment ratified in 1868. It granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and prohibited states from denying any person equal protection under the law.
Citizenship is redefined-no longer a state option
Equal-protection clause
Penalties for restricting suffrage
Radical Reconstruction: What was the 15th Amendment?
The 15th Amendment was a constitutional amendment ratified in 1870 that granted the right to vote, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
After Reconstruction end, there is a shift into…
Redemption
Southern Campaign: How did the KKK come into play?
they were an intimidation campaign
More local vigilantes than organized conspiracies
1870-71: US authorizes troops against the KKK-crushed them
Southern Campaign: Mississippi Plan
Democrats create rifle clubs to hunt republican
Mississippi backs it and governor is impeached
Northern Disinterest: How does this effect Reconstruction
Booming, growing, and moving west
election of 1876 and compromise of 1877 (reconstruction ends)
Jim Crow Laws
Were a series of state and local laws enacted in the United States between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These laws enforced racial segregation and discrimination, primarily targeting African Americans. They restricted their rights and perpetuated racial inequality in areas such as education, housing, voting, and public facilities.
Literacy test
Jim Crow Cars
Poll taxes
White only primaries
Grandfather clause: gave whites exemption from these laws
Jim Crow Era: Supreme Court Cases
Struck down anti-discrimination laws
Limed 14th amendment power to state laws, not individual
Federal laws on murder and assault
Upheld state laws on voting tests
Upheld state laws on segregation-Plessy v.s Ferguson
Tribes vanquished- What were the early battles?
1862: Little Crow’s Sioux kill 500 in Minnesota
1866: Chivington’s Massacre-killed hundreds
What was the ghost dance?
Brings back the spirits of the dead warriors. Unifies native tribes to try and drive whites out (1870)
Circle Big Foot~ 200+ flee to Pine Ridge Reservation
7th cav. followed- essentially KKK under a different name
Led to the massacre at wounded knee
Assimilation
The end of separate nations
Often effected by fragmenting tribe and dealing with the compliant
Land Policies
Complicated by ambiguous Indian concept of ownership
Led to Dawes Severalty Act 1887: Gave land to white people
New immigrants
Camfrom places (South, Southeast and East
Europe) where the patterns of life didn’t match the Northern European standards that the indigenous Americans were used to.
Social Movements
For the otherwise powerless to achieve a goal/change by leveraging the powerful
Normally three identifiable stages- Idealism, generational conflict, militancy
Strategy: to leverage the more powerful to help achieve your goal
Social Movement Requirements
A cause
People
Organization
Leaders
Allies
Free Space
Power Structure
Identifiable entity that can effect change
Tactics
Attract attention
Suffer
Win allies
Allies influence power structure
Power structure initiates change
Achieve goals
Stages of a social movement
Where did old and new immigrants reside?
Old Immigrants: Midwest and plains as farmers and to cites
New Immigrants: To cities
Populist Politics: 1890
1890—Major political force
Alliance candidates win 8 state leges, 48 reps, 3 senators
Kansas, Nebraska & Colorado Populist controlled
Populist Politics: 1892
1892—a force in the making?
People’s Party—James Weaver (IA) for President (22 EV)
But...split developing in the South—race
Colored Alliance—force anti-disenfranchisement
But Alliance splitting on black equality
Manipulated by shrewd Democrats or innate racists?
Later positions say sold out to racism (Tom Watson)
Populist Politics: 1896
1896—major parties split (internally) over Ag, money & tariff
GOP: William McKinley (w/ Marc Hanna) & “front porch”
Populists—William Jennings Bryan (w/ Tom Watson)
Democrats—William Jennings Bryan (w/ Arthur Sewell)
Prosperity returnspopulism (of either variety) is a dead duck
What was the Populist point of view?
The Populist point of view was a political movement in the late 19th century that advocated for the rights and interests. They aimed to address the concerns of farmers and laborers, promoting policies such as government regulation of railroads, income tax, and free coinage of silver.
What happened followed the USS Maine explosion
Who: The USS Maine, a United States Navy battleship. What: The USS Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba. Where: Havana Harbor, Cuba. When: February 15, 1898. Why: The cause of the explosion remains disputed, but it led to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.
Who was invovled in the Spanish American War?
Who: United States and Spain What: Spanish-American War Where: Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam When: April 25, 1898 - August 12, 1898 Why: The war was sparked by the sinking of the USS Maine, American support for Cuban independence, and the desire to expand American influence in the Caribbean and Pacific.
Populism
Farmers felt shortchanged- and often they were right
Status revolution
Bottom up movement
Eventually formed a circular firing squad, dividing on the issue of race
Progressivism
Pass a law
Urbanization and industrialization
Problems of the cities
Three languages
Good gov, good business, and good society
What are the three languages of progressivism?
Good Business
Good Government
Good Society
Progressivism: Reform in the cities
Corruption rampant—bribery, kickbacks, prostitution
Remedies—growing professionalism
Reform in the states
Direct primary elections (Florida, 1901)
Corrupt Practices Acts—campaign expenditure, lobbying
University as a source of expertise
Labor Rules
Hours and workplace safety
Sanctity of Contract
Event: Sanctity of Contract
Who: The concept of sanctity of contract emerged in legal systems worldwide.
What: It is a principle that upholds the binding nature and integrity of contracts.
Where: The concept is recognized and applied in various legal jurisdictions globally.
When: The idea of sanctity of contract has been present throughout history, evolving over time.
Why: It ensures stability, predictability, and fairness in business transactions, promoting trust and encouraging economic growth.
18th Amendment
Who: The United States government What: The 18th Amendment Where: United States When: Ratified on January 16, 1919 Why: To prohibit the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, aiming to reduce social problems associated with alcohol consumption.
Volstead Act
Who: The United States Congress What: Passed the Volstead Act Where: United States When: October 28, 1919 Why: To enforce the 18th Amendment and prohibit the production, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the United States.
Constitutional amendments 16-19
16th—Income tax (1913)—“progressive” tax act of 1916, 1st to redistribute income
17th—Popularly elected senators (1913)
18th—Prohibition (1919-1933)
19th—Women’s suffrage (1920)—results disappointed “women’s issues” groups
Why people want to end the civil war?
Both north and south families had lost someone in the civil war since the deaths were enormous. So they wanted to stop fighting due to the dying going on long enough.
What happened to the north by the end of the war?
Then the idea of reconstruction came along. The north was experiencing a change after and during the civil war. The north was losing interest in the whole cause because other things were going on that were also important such as immigrants coming to the north due to opportunities here.
Pacific Railroads Act
Lincoln signed this acts in 1862 which allowed for the creation of a north-central route railroad that would be built by the Union Pacific Railroad westward from Omaha and by the Central Pacific Railroad eastward from Sacramento. Most of the construction was done after 1865, although it started during the Civil War.
Land Grant College Act
land was given to each state to establish a state university and people could go there to learn. One of the things they had to do was have a school of agriculture since America was a school of farmers.
What college is the land grant college in Illinois?
University of Illinois
T/F a lot of Southerners were democratic?
True
Another name for the republican party during this time?
The Lincoln party
Another name/title for Lincoln?
the emancipation guy
"Solid South"?
meant the solid democratic south. In the great depression when Roosevelt came up with the New Deal, there were certain restrictions due to the southern democrats saying we want a little bit of distance between whites and blacks in the south.
Case of nostalgia in the south was due to what?
a lot of southern whites yearned for the conditions that existed before the civil war. Several them left the country due to this and went to places like Brazil since they still had slavery.
Why were a lot of blacks voting (compared to whites) in reconstruction?
there were blacks voting and taking part in congress, because many of the whites couldn't vote yet and had to be reinstated.
Black Codes
basically limited African Americans to the same kind of jobs they had at slaves (agricultural work) as well as limiting how far they can travel, which meant that they were sort of a captive audience in terms of labor.
In democracy what is the key?
is having the vote. It turns out if you have this, you are someone, but if you don't have the vote you aren't someone.
If you don't like a decision that was made, you could write to the elective representative and try to fix the problem. But if you were black in the south at this time, they would not want to listen to you.
Jim Crow Laws
they said that if you are going to vote, you must understand what is on the ballot, so you have to be able to read or write. This meant that a lot of African Americans cannot vote.
The "New" South
after civil war and reconstruction; meant an increasing emphasis on industrialization in the south, a conscious desire for people in the south to being American industry in the south (meaning the industry in America was only in the north since the south had an extractive economy) wanted a more modern structure, however the new south didn't really change much from the end of reconstruction since African Americans were still at the bottom of the social order. The new south was not an equality of all citizens; had segregation at its core
The literacy test (Jim Crow Laws)
for reading and writing, "you read this and tell me what it means". The readings usually were an excerpt from a law that was in complicated language and hard to understand. If you were a black man, you would go take the test, and most of the time the test would be hard, and they would not pass.
Poll Tax (Jim Crow Laws)
you would come in and pay the poll tax to vote. If you were African American working basically under slave conditions not making much money, you wouldn't really be able to pay this; you wouldn't be able to vote.
Primary
Election to get people on the ballot. If you win this, you are the candidate for your political party.
Why is it important that political parties are "private entities"?
if the party wants to say "only white people can vote" it was legal.
What was the function/intention of the black codes?
Created many barriers to reduce or make it impossible for blacks to vote.
The grandfather clause
if your grandfather could vote, you would vote. Limited many African Americans from voting. This was a "civil rights act" for white guys; many white guys in the south couldn't read or write either to pass the literacy test. But he could vote if his grandfather was able to vote.
This meant not many black people would take part in the vote.
Supreme court
represented laissez-faire government; looked upon the social interactions at the time and wanted to "let it be". This was a very conservative court.
Laissez-faire
letting things take their course without interference.
It was no uncommon if you went to a restaurant or other establishment where there was a sign that said, "we reserve the right to seat our patrons". They had the right to choose who they served; usually meant that they did not want African Americans to go there, and they were not welcomed there.
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
upheld state laws on segregation: this case came up in the supreme court that did not come out the way that the people who brought it to court wanted it too. This delt with Jim crow.
Jim Crow Cars
you would go into the railroad car and there would be one side of the door that was designated for "colors" and the other for whites; you had to sit in the area that described you.
They were saying that having part African American in your background sort of tainted you as a person, so you had to be on the black side rather than the white side.
Plessy was a light skinned African American and looked pretty much like a white guy. The deal was that Plessy will get on the train knowing that he is a black man by the local definition. And he sat on the white side "intending to get arrested". He ended up getting arrested.
Supreme Court decision on Plessy?
case "boomeranged", the supreme court said this was not unconstitutional; the whole idea was that the equal protection clause (apart of the 14 amendment) they felt that should apply and everyone should sit where they want. But they provided "separate but equal cars on the trains" and that it satisfied the equal protection clause since both black and white cars are pretty much the same.
This was a pattern that existed throughout the south, the supreme court said no he can't come and sit in the white section because even through the railroad has provided separate facilities, but they are equal facilities; accommodations in the black car would be the same as the white car.
Mantra of the South
separate but equal, the south didn't want to be around blacks but were still fulfilling the law of being equal.
General name for African Americans during this time
Colored
Why was the class system/PWT satisfied/stable?
The south did not have a strong middle class. The thing that kept things stable that all the people at the bottom were African Americans. The PWT didn't care that they were towards the bottom since they were higher than the African Americans.
If the PWT were satisfied, then everyone was pretty satisfied.
The Continental Exchange
the tangible part (horses, iron tools, firearms, arrows, spears, came from Europe), and the intangible things (disease)
Whites perception of Indians
had a whole lot to do with the way they acted, and what their perceptions were depended on the situations. Generally, if things were quiet, European writing uses the term "noble savages" (savage=someone who lives with nature and uses natural resources, doesn't destroy things, etc.) to describe Native Americans. The "noble savage" became the "vile, vicious savages" when they thought that the Native Americans had something that the Europeans wanted.
Indian perception of land ownership
The Native Americans didn't even perceive that they owned the land, and that they weren't able to own it. They say themselves as caretakers of the land. The Europeans thought that they owned the land and should own it.
Cultural Inequality
the Europeans were inventing and building/developing, and the Native Americans society was going down.
T/F did the plains indians go through the Agrarian revolution?
false- they followed the food source.
Linear Society
the women determined who sat on the tribal council. The men would go out hunting, and life must go on while the men are out hunting (sometimes took a month) which left the women in charge.
Natural Local
that the women owned the house, and sometimes the women kicked out the man while he was gone if he did something bad. The women controlled the livelihood and grew most of the crops; the society depended on them.
American Policy Dilemma
figuring out who owned the land
"Indian Country"
"was the idea of "one big reservation" west of the Mississippi River.
There was another idea of "Concentration" of 1851 which let them have land with boundaries for "as long as the waters shall run" in exchange for supplies.
Tribes were vanquished
the early battles were 1862 Little Crows Sioux killed 500 in Minnesota. And 1866 the "Chivington's massacre" in sand creek Colorado, hundreds were killed
then the resistance happened such the Great Sioux War 1865-67 and the red cloud and Fetterman Massacre 1866.
Who fought against the Indians?
Custer and the 7th Cavalry
Pyrrhic Victory
a victory that you have that you can't afford. The Native Americans had this when they destroyed Custer, but the word of this defeat gets back to Washington around the 100th anniversary of the U.S. (fourth of July). They decided that they had to go and send a large military force to defeat the Native Americans.
Ghost Dance Phenomenon
the late 1870's when Native American Wovoka is told in a dream that if all Native Americans come together to do a circle dance all of the ghosts of the fallen warriors will come back to life; meaning that they are now able to push white America into the ocean and it will be as it used to be. This did not work very well, and in 1890 the battle of Wounded Knee occurred. This was a battle between White America and Native America.
-Native America was in the depths, their society was going down the tubes but the Ghost Dance dream from Wovoka gave them hope.
End of the Buffalo
led to the end of the buffalo culture, the plains Indians culture went down the tubes.
Assimilation
in the late 19th century, the goal was to assimilate the Native Americans; "kill the Indians save the man"- Indian meaning the cultural aspect not the actual person. The Europeans wanted to teach the "man" how they were and the industrial aspects of live. The two groups couldn't be more different than each other.
The End of the Buffalo
as horses and guns became available, the buffalo became the essential element since they could kill buffalo in great numbers with more safety to themselves and then they could sell them. Many of the Native Americans got in the business of killing and selling as many buffalo as they could; they had a booming business. However, they were complicit in destroying their own society.
Land Policies
Where European Americans and Native Americans differed by 180 degrees; Europeans thought that they could own anything (idea of owning property), while Native Americans thought the land was going to be there after they were dead and was there before they got their; they did not own the land. The land ownership complicated the Indian concept of "ownership/land ownership".
Dawes Severalty Act 1887
The idea of being one with nature is being cut/discontinued, since they are changing to an economy when they have the land and the people; the land and the people are not one. They sold lots of acers of land to white Americans, and some of it was reserved to Native Americans. The severed Native Americans from the land, and from the concept of this communal society in which they live (they functioned in a community not in a tribe). 47M acres went to Native Americans, 90M acres was sold to the whites. The government said that they didn't want to relate to the Native Americans through their tribes; they wanted to deal with them as individuals instead of a whole group of people (not going to worry about the tribes anymore).
Did the idea of "ignoring" the existence of tribes work?
Native Americans tended to keep their identity with their tribes, so much so that the federal government decided in 1934 that tribes do exist, and Native Americans are members of their tribes (tribal ownership of land revived).
John Westly Powell
he led the first expedition of white Americans down the Grand Canyon and became famous; there is a movie about him. He was a professor of geography at Illinois Wesleyan and then moved to Illinois State to teach.
The first changes of the American Society
in the 1800's canals, steamboats, railroads, paved roads, telegraph, telephone, electricity, & streetcars. Also, the earliest beginnings of airplanes and radio were poised to the changing American society. The country was becoming industrialized; more and more people had a "job" instead of being self-employed farmers. The modern society was being born.
What does the space between little towns mean?
The little towns showed the maximum distance that you could go from your house, farm, etc. into town, and go back home in a day. (Towns like Normal and Towanda are about 6 miles away, the horse can only pull you so far there and away in a day).
Telegraph
was invented in the 1840's; around the civil war, and you could send information or communicate from miles apart; previously you could only communicate by physically carrying the message (mail).
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