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Trust vs. Mistrust
0-1 year
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
1-3 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12 years
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-18 years
Intimacy vs. Isolation
18-40 years
Generativity vs. Stagnation
40-65 years
Integrity vs. Despair
65+ years
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infants learn to trust caregivers who provide reliability and care; neglect leads to mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Toddlers gain confidence by exploring; too much control or criticism causes self-doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Children start taking initiative in play and decision-making; discouragement leads to guilt.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Success in school and social life builds confidence; repeated failure causes feelings of inferiority.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teens explore their identity and values; uncertainty can lead to confusion about who they are.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults form deep relationships; failure to connect with others leads to loneliness.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Contributing to work, family, or community provides purpose; lack of engagement causes stagnation.
Integrity vs. Despair
Reflection on a meaningful life leads to wisdom; regret over past choices results in despair.