AP EXAM UNITS 3 & 4 REVIEW

Civil Liberties

Protects people from the government and ensures individual freedoms.

Civil Rights

Protects people from each other and ensures equal treatment under the law.

Selective Incorporation

Imposes the Bill of Rights on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Civil Rights Act, 1964

Allowed the government to prosecute states that were denied the right to vote.

Affirmative Action

Policies passed by Congress to assist with past discrimination.

Title IX

Entitles women to more opportunities in sports programs.

First Amendment

Guarantees freedom of speech, petition, assembly, religion, and the press.

Second Amendment

Ensures the right to bear arms.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring probable cause and a warrant.

Fifth Amendment

Ensures due process, protection against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and eminent domain.

Sixth Amendment

Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, witnesses, an impartial jury, and legal counsel.

Eighth Amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery.

Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed citizenship, equal protection, and due process for everyone.

Fifteenth Amendment

Granted African American men the right to vote.

Nineteenth Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

17th Amendment

Gave the people expanded suffrage to vote for senators

19th Amendment

Expanded suffrage to women

23rd Amendment

Expanded suffrage to the citizens of Washington D.C.

24th Amendment

Eliminated poll taxes

26th Amendment

Expanded suffrage to citizens 18 or older

Civil Rights Act of (1957)

Expanded suffrage to African Americans and any disembursment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Expanded suffrage to anyone who could be discriminated against (clean-up act)

12th Amendment

President and Vice President are placed as a team running together

20th Amendment

Change in inauguration (from March to January)

22nd Amendment

Limits President’s tenure to 2 terms or 10 years

25th Amendment

Presidential vacancy and disability (succession) meaning the Vice President or President Pro Tempore could be President temporarliy

Individualism

The belief in self-reliance and personal responsibility for one's own choices.

Equality of Opportunity

The principle that everyone should have the same chances to succeed, though outcomes may differ.

Free Enterprise

The economic system where the government does not interfere with business transactions.

Rule of Law

The principle that no one is above the law.

Limited Government

The idea that the government is restricted by the Constitution.

Political Socialization

The process by which individuals develop their political ideologies over time.

Benchmark Poll

Surveys that identify the most important issues to citizens at the beginning of a campaign.

Tracking Poll

Surveys that track how public opinion on various issues changes over time.

Entrance and Exit Polls

Used during events to determine if opinions have changed after exposure to new information.

Focus Groups

Small discussions used to gauge public reaction and opinions about specific issues.

Universe Population

The entire group of individuals that a poll is intended to represent.

Representative Population

A smaller, randomly selected segment of the universe population.

Random Sampling

Selecting a subset of individuals randomly from the larger population.

Weighting/Stratification

Adjusting sample data to ensure representation of various groups.

Sample Error

The error that occurs because only a sample, not the entire population, is surveyed.

Margin of Error

An estimate of the potential error in polling results expressed as a percentage.

Conservatism

A political ideology favoring less regulation of businesses and limited government intervention.

Liberalism

A political ideology supporting more regulation of businesses and government involvement in the economy.

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory that promotes government spending and tax adjustments to stimulate the economy.

Supply Side Economics

Economic theory advocating for tax cuts to increase consumer spending and stimulate business growth.

Fiscal Policy

Economic policy that deals with taxation and government spending.

Monetary Policy

Economic policy related to the money supply and interest rates, controlled by the Federal Reserve.