AP EXAM UNITS 3 & 4 REVIEW

civil liberties	civil rights	selective incorporation	Civil Rights Act, 1964
Protects people from the government	Protects people from each other	Imposes the Bill of Rights on the states	Allowed the government to prosecute states that were denied the right to vote
affirmative action	Title IX
Policies passed by Congress to assist with past discrimination	Entitled to women, more women in sports programs

Bill of Rights (civil liberties) - give rights in each

First	Freedom of speech (slander, libel, clear & present danger), petition (protest against the government) , assembly, religion (free exercise clause, establishment clause), and the press (prior restraint)
Second	Right to bear arms
Third	No quartering of troops
Fourth	No unreasonable searches and seizures (probable cause, must have a warrant)
Fifth	Due process, no self-incrimination (don’t say anything), right to grand jury, no double jeopardy, & eminent domain (property)
Sixth	Right to speedy & public trial, witnesses, impartial jury, right to have a counsel, right to an attorney
Seventh	Sue for damages in a civil court
Eighth	No cruel or unusual punishment, bail
Ninth	Guaranteed rights not specifically stated, privacy
Tenth	Rights are reserved for the states

Additional Amendments (civil rights) - give rights in each

Thirteenth	Abolished slavery
Fourteenth	Guaranteed citizenship to everyone (equal protection & due process)
Fifteenth	African American/all men have the right to vote
Nineteenth	Women have the right to vote

American core values - explain and give example

individualism	You can do what you want & you are responsible for your own choices
equality of opportunity	You have the same opportunities as everyone else, but the outcome will not always be the same
Free enterprise	Government does not infringe on economic transactions between businesses and people
rule of law	No one is above the law
limited government	The government is limited to what is in the Constitution

Political socialization

definition	How we develop our ideology over time
What impacts it over time?	Family, age, school, generation

Public opinion polls (types) - definition

benchmark	Figure out what issues are most important to citizens, done in the very beginning
tracking	See if citizens feel the same way about the same issues, and see how the importance of issues changes over time
entrance and exit	Used at rallies, debates, speeches, and primaries to see if someone has changed their mind after attending an event
focus groups	Used to see physical reaction face-to-face rather than just hearing it

Public opinion polls (validity) - define

universe population	Who the poll is about
representative population	Smaller population/sample of the universe population, but must be chosen at random
random sampling	Chooses the representative sample at random
weighting/stratification	When people are removed from the sampling because there are too many of one group
sample error	Polls conducted multiple times to see what the errors are/changes between polls
margin of error	Percentage of change
What can cause errors?	Question order, question wording, interaction between pollster and pollee

Political ideology - give ideas

Economic Issues

(economic regulation, taxes, government spending)

Privacy/Social Issues

conservatism

Less regulation of businesses

liberalism

More regulation of businesses

Economics

	Keynesian Economics	Supply Side Economics
definition	Taxes are used for more programs that stimulate the government (government approach)	Less taxation so people have more in their pockets to help them individually (personal approach
ideology	Liberalism	Conservatism