2.2.5 - 2.2.7 Non-communicable diseases

Define health

-A state of physical and mental wellbeing

-An absence of disease

Describe and give examples of infections health issues

Caused by pathogens that speed between infected individuals e.g. tuberculosis, flu and covid

Describe and give examples of mental health issues

Can be caused by chemical imbalance in the brain e.g depression ans schizophrenia

Describe and give examples of inherited health issues

Conditions that people are born with as a result of their genes e.g cystic fibrosis, down's syndrome

Describe and give examples of physical health issues

Usually caused by accidents or poor lifestyle choices e.g broken bones, paralysis

Describe and give examples of deficiency health issues

Lack of vitamins or minerals in the diet e.g scurvy, anaemia

How can viruses affect cells?

Can trigger changes that lead to cancers, for example, the human papilloma virus can cause cervical cancer

What are defects in the immune system caused by and how can they lead to other health issues?

-Caused by genetic makeup, poor nutrition, or infections such as HIV

-Means a higher chance of suffering from other communicable diseases

What can cause allergies?

Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies to factors in the environment

What factors affect health?

-Life situations

-Non communicable diseases

-Communicable diseases

-Diet

-Stress

Define non communicable diseases

Diseases that are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another

Define risk factor

Variable associated with an increased chance of disease and infection

What are some examples of risk factors for disease?

-Smoking - lung cancer

-Bad diet - deficiency diseases

-Vaping - heart attack

-Lack of exercise

Define correlation

A pattern between two variables, scientists often see similarities between non communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer with lifestyle factors such as smoking or lack of exercise. However, a correlation doesn't mean that one is the cause of the other

Define casual mechanism

Explains how one factor influences another through a biological process. If a casual mechanism can be demonstrated, there is a link between the two e.g there is a clear casual link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer. Anyone can get lung cancer but smoking increases the risk

Define obesity

A medical condition where the patient accumulates excess body fat. A person is considered obese if they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 o

What is the relationship between energy consumed and expenditure for obese and underweight people?

-For an obese person, the energy they consume in their food is more than their energy expenditure when they exercise

-For an underweight person, the energy they consume in their food is less than their energy expenditure when they exercise

Why are fats needed in the body?

-Cell membranes are made of lipids (fats and oils)

-Required for thermal instilation

-Required to electrically insulate nerve cells

-Used as an energy source and store

What are the health problems associated with obesity?

-Stroke: high blood pressure in the arteries and brain can cause them to burst and lead to brain damage

-Diabetes: liver cells cannot control blood glucose levels

-Coronary heart disease: a blockage in the coronary artery can increase the risk of having a heart attack

-Arthritis: too much weight on the joints can increase the risk of them getting inflamed or worn down

-Cancer (breast, uterus, colon, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, prostate)

-Liver disease, sleep apnea, pancreatitis, infertility, lung disease, gallstones, gout, inflamed veins often with blood clots, high blood pressure

What are the benefits of exercise?

-Less likely to develop cardiovascular disease and other health problems

-Lowers blood cholesterol levels - reduces risk of fatty deposits building up in coronary arteries

-Bigger lungs

-Fitter hearts - develop better blood supply

-More muscles, increases metabolic rate - reduces risk of diabetes, arthritis and high blood pressure

-Dopamine levels increase - better mental health

Why are people who exercise regularly usually healthier than those who exercise little?

-Exercise builds cardiovascular fitness so people who exercise are likely to have healthier hearts and bigger lungs than people who don’t exercise

-People who exercise are less likely to become obese and suffer from high blood pressure and heart disease

What is the calculation for BMI?

Mass(kg) ÷ height(m) ²

What are the BMI categories?

<17 underweight

17-14 healthy

25-29 overweight

30-40 obese

>40 morbidly obese

What are the advantages of BMI?

-Easy to calculate

-Allows doctors to quickly work out whether a patient is at risk from developing illnesses associated with obesity

What are the disadvantages of BMI?

-Only works for adults, not children

-Muscle has a higher density than fat - so bodybuilders and rugby players might be classified as obese

-Pregnant women can be classified as obese

Define balanced diet

Composed of the right amount of water, lipids, fiber, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals

Define malnourishment

When the body does not get a balanced diet needed to remain healthy

What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of protein and what are the symptoms?

-Kwashiorkor

-Fluid retention in abdomen, weakness

What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of iron and what are the symptoms?

-Anaemia

-Pale skin, tiredness

What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin C and what are the symptoms?

-Scurvy

-Ulceration of gums and teeth loss

What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin D and what are the symptoms?

-Rickets

-Poor bone growth, weakened bones

What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin A and what are the symptoms?

-Night blindness

What foods contain carbohydrates (starch), what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Cereals, bread, pasta, rice, potatoes

-Energy source (once digested into sugars)

-140g

What foods contain carbohydrates (sugars), what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Fruit, sweets, biscuits, cake

-Energy source

-90g

What foods contain proteins, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Meat, fish, pulses, nuts

-Growth and repair - source of amino acids to make new proteins

-45g

What foods contain fats/lipids, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Dairy, meat

-Energy source, energy stores, insulation

-70g

What foods contain fibre, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Fruit and vegetables, wholegrain

-Prevents constipation by giving gut muscles something to push against

-24g

What foods contain vitamins, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Fruit and vegetables

-Vitamin A: healthy eyesight and immunity, vitamin B: used by enzymes in metabolism, vitamin C: antioxidant and healthy immunity, vitamin D: absorption of calcium, vitamin E: antioxidant, vitamin K: blood clotting

-Usually <1g

What foods contain minerals, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Fruit and vegetables, nuts, dairy

-Calcium: bone/teeth development, sodium: nerve impulses, sweat production, iron: haemoglobin for oxygen transport

-Usually <1g

What foods contain water, what is their use in the body and how much is required per day?

-Drinks

-Solvent for chemical reactions, transport medium

-1.5 - 2 litres

What is the equation for energy/nutrient content?

Value per 100g × mass of food ÷ 100

What is the equation for percentage of GDA (guidline daily amount)?

Energy/nutrient content in food × 100 ÷ GDA

Define tumor

A mass of abnormally growing cells that form when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell division or uncontrolled mitosis

What are the two different types of tumors?

-Benign: stays in one place, it can grow but can’t spread because the cells are surrounded by a membrane

-Malignant: spreads to different organs and can invade neighbouring tissues. Cells break off. Spreads to other tissues through the blood stream

How can inherited (genetic) factors cause cancer and what are some examples?

There are genetic risk factors that can be inherited - this means if you inherit the genetic you are more likely to develop cancer e.g breast cancer, ovarian cancer

How can carcinogenic chemicals cause cancer and is an example?

Chemicals such as asbestos and tar can cause mutations in the genetic material e.g lung cancer

How can ionising radiation cause cancer and is an example?

UV light and x rays can interrupt the normal cell cycle and cause tumors, because they cause mutations e.g skin cancer

How can viruses cause cancer and is an example?

By disrupting the normal cell cycle e.g cervical cancer

Define mutation

Change in the genetic material of an organism

How does ionising radiation damage cells?

Ionising radiation in the form of different types of electromagnetic waves is a carcinogen risk for cancer. Radioactive materials are a source of ionising radiation. The radiation penetrates the cells and damages the chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA

What are some sources of Ultraviolet and how is it damaging?

Sunlight, tanning beds

Increases risk of skin cancers such as melanomes

What are some sources of radioactive material how is it damaging?

Soil, water, air

Includes radom gas found in granite - rich areas such as Cornwall, Pennines and Edinburgh

What are some sources of X rays and how is it damaging?

Hospitals and dental surgeries

What are some sources of radioactive waste and how is it damaging?

Accidents in nuclear power stations, testing nuclear weapons

Can spread waste over a large area

How is radiotherapy used to treat cancer?

When the cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. This stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells. Methods of delivering different types of radiation in very targeted ways are improving cure rates

How is chemotherapy used to treat cancer?

Where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells from dividing or make them ‘self distruct’.

Define withdrawal symptom

Side effects when drug use is stopped

Define dependent

When the body needs a drug to function normally

Define addicted

Feeling a craving for a drug

What are the effects of smoking?

Reduces sense of smell and taste

Increases risk of type 2 diabetes

Damaged lungs - increased breathlessness

Increases risk of tooth loss, damaged gums, bad breath and stained teeth

Increases risk of cancer

Increases signs of aging

Increases risk of heart disease

Can damage eyes - lead to vision loss

Cost

COPD chances increase

What health problems does nicotine cause?

-Addictive

-Makes blood cells stickier - linked to coronary heart disease

-Increases heart rate - linked to coronary heart disease

What health problems does tar cause?

-Damages cillia - stops removal of mucus - coughing

-Irritates airways/lining of lungs - causes bronchitis

-Builds up in lung tissue - causes breakdown of alveoli- causing chronic obstructing pulmonary disease

-Carcinogenic - causes lung, throat, tongue cancer

What health problems does carbon monoxide cause?

-Prevents haemoglobin from carrying as much oxygen- more breathless after exercise

-Reduces amount of oxygen getting to foetus in pregnant women- leads to premature births, low birth weights and stillbirth

What health problems does other chemicals (in cigarettes) cause?

-Narrows blood vessels in skin - ageing it

-Damages lining of arteries - increases risk of coronary heart disease (e.g heart attack) and clot formation (causing strokes)

What is the effect of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide?

Tar: makes lungs black

Nicotine: addictive

Carbon monoxide: stops blood carrying oxygen

What are the effects of alcohol consumption?

-Effects the brain- can cause memory loss

-Slows reaction time

-High blood pressure

-Increases risk of cancer

-Weakens immune system

-Liver problems

What are the short term effects of alcohol?

-Relaxed

-Lowers inhibitions

-Lack of self control and judgement

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

-May develop cirrhosis of the liver, a disease that destroys the liver tissue. The active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions

-Carcinogen so increased risk of developing liver cancer

-Damage to brain - sometimes brain becomes so soft and pulpy that the normal brain structures are lost and it can no longer finction properly. Can cause death

Why is it dangerous for pregnant women to consume alcohol?

-Risk of miscarriage, still births, premature births and low birthweight

-Baby can have facial deformities; problems with teeth , jaw and hearing; kidney, liver and heart problems; and may have learning and other developmental problems