SOCL250 Midterm 2

Deviance

Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society.

Deviant Subculture

A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority.

Sanction

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.

Laws

Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power.

Crime

The result of any action that contravenes the laws established by a political authority.

Merton’s Deviance Typology

A classification of deviant behavior including conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels.

Conformists

Individuals who accept generally held values and conventional means of realizing them.

Innovators

Individuals who accept socially approved values but use illegitimate means to achieve them.

Ritualists

Individuals who conform to socially accepted standards but have lost sight of their underlying values.

Retreatists

Individuals who reject both dominant values and approved means of achieving them.

Rebels

Individuals who reject existing values and means but work to substitute new ones.

Relative Deprivation

Deprivation one feels by comparing oneself with a group.

Differential Association

The theory that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who engage in crime.

Labeling Theory

The idea that some people become deviant due to labels attached to their behavior.

Primary Deviation

Actions that cause others to label one as deviant.

Secondary Deviation

Actions that result from being labeled as deviant.

Conflict Theory

The argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature.

Control Theory

The theory that crime results from an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it.

White-Collar Crime

Criminal activities carried out by individuals in professional jobs.

Corporate Crime

Offenses committed by large corporations, such as pollution and false advertising.

Cybercrime

Criminal activities conducted through electronic networks or information technologies.

Community Policing

An approach to policing that emphasizes crime prevention and community reintegration.

Shaming

A punishment based on public disapproval rather than incarceration.

Functionalist Theory

The view that deviance creates solidarity in society.

Interactionist Theory

The perspective that no act is objectively deviant; understanding deviance requires understanding labeling processes.

Control Theory

The idea that crime results from a lack of social and physical controls.

Broken Windows Theory

The belief that minor acts of deviance must be controlled to prevent a spiral of crime.

Minority Group

A group in society that experiences inequality due to distinct characteristics.

Race

A socially constructed category based on perceived differences among humans.

Ethnicity

Cultural values and norms that distinguish one group from another.

Racism

The attribution of superiority or inferiority based on physical characteristics.

Prejudice

Preconceived ideas about a group that resist change.

Stereotyping

Thinking in fixed and inflexible categories.

Scapegoats

Individuals or groups blamed for wrongs they did not commit.

Discrimination

Behavior that denies resources or rewards to a particular group.

White Privilege

Unacknowledged benefits that whites receive in everyday life.

Institutional Racism

Racism that occurs through established societal institutions.

Racial Microaggressions

Small acts of disrespect that are hurtful to people of color.

Scientific Racism

The use of scientific data to justify beliefs about racial superiority or inferiority.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation in South Africa.

Affirmative Action

Policies granting preferential treatment to disadvantaged groups.

Model Minority

The stereotype of Asian Americans as hard-working and successful despite barriers.

Colonial Model

Immigration preferences for individuals from former colonies.

Guest Workers Model

Temporary immigration for labor market needs without citizenship rights.

Illegal Models

Immigrants who enter a country secretly or under false pretenses.

Push Factors

Conditions in a country that drive people to emigrate.

Pull Factors

Features of destination countries that attract immigrants.

Macro-Level Factors

Broad issues affecting immigration, such as laws and political situations.

Micro-Level Factors

Individual resources and knowledge affecting migration.

Castles and Miller's Tendencies

Four trends characterizing migration:acceleration, diversification, globalization, and feminization.

Cohen's Diaspora Characteristics

Key features shared by diasporas, including shared memory and ethnic identity.

Assimilation

The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population.

Melting Pot

The idea that ethnic differences can create new cultural patterns.

Pluralism

A model where ethnic groups retain their identities while sharing rights and