Biological globalization – definition (what, when), causes (why), at least three examples of how societies were transformed Description: a worldwide

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and microbes among Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas following Columbus’s initial contact.

Disease Spread

The introduction of diseases such as yellow fever and malaria to the New World, which decimated its population.

Military Revolution

An increase in the complexities of war and expansion of warfare from 1450-1800, involving innovations in weaponry, defense, technology, and administration.

Plantations

Mega farming zones that used mainly slave labor to achieve mass production, particularly in the Caribbean and Brazil.

Cash Crops

Agricultural products grown for sale and profit, often including sugar and cotton.

Demonstration Effect

The phenomenon where one revolution prompts a series of others, creating a domino effect.

Mungals

A Muslim dynasty from Central Asia renowned for its military innovations and power consolidation under rulers like Akbar.

Ottoman Empire

An empire that lasted longer than the Mungals, known for integrating new weaponry into its military structure.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, which rose during the fall of the Ming and emphasized military virtue and war tactics.

Impact of New Foods

The introduction of new, nutritious foods led to population growth, particularly in England.

Examples of Unintentional Transfers

African plagues and diseases like yellow fever and malaria introduced to the Americas.

Examples of Intentional Transfers

Horses and calabasa brought from the Old World to the Americas.

Historical Significance of Columbian Exchange

It led to population changes, new economic systems, and the distribution of flora and fauna globally.

English Civil War

Conflict that produced turmoil leading to the British Revolution and the rise of a constitutional monarchy.

French Revolution

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution, it resulted in radical changes, including violence and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Role of Slavery in Plantations

Plantations heavily relied on slave labor for mass production of cash crops, leading to catastrophic effects on enslaved individuals.

Global Web of Trade

The interconnected trade network created as empires expanded and colonized new territories.

Consequences of the Columbian Exchange

Population growth, military innovations, and ecological changes due to the exchange of species and goods.

Impact of New Animals

Introduction of horses and cattle to the Americas improved the lives of Native Americans but also increased inter-tribal warfare.