Biological globalization – definition (what, when), causes (why), at least three examples of how societies were transformed Description: a worldwide

• Description: a worldwide exchange of plants, animals, and microbes that followed the discovery of the oceans and of which the Columbian exchange was a major contributor. It led to connections among ecosystems change in flora and fauna, and diseases across the world.  

• The Columbian exchange: the transfer of plants animals and microbes among; Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas, following Columbus’s initial contact.  

• Surge because of the discovery of passageways, live oceans.  

• Things got brought over both intentionally and not,  

• Ex: Horses, calabasa (intentional), African plagues; yellow fever, malaria. (unintentional) 

• Causes:  

• The big three “Mongols of the sea”, were Portugal, Spain, and Great Britain. Voagaging across the sea, and colonization of different lands. They tightened up the global trade web, creating a global market.  

• Consequences: 

• The bringing in of new foods allowed for the population to grow due to an increase in nutritious food like maize, and grains. This was especially true for those in England, where the growing conditions were not as favorable, and food was not as abundant.  

• With horses and other cattle animals being introduced to the Americas, it improved the lives of native inhabitants. It allowed for more hides, animal protein, allowed for plowing. along with the positive impact came friction among native Americans. With the bringing of horses, Bisen hunting grew at a rapid pace, and improved their inter-tribal warfare tactics leading to more wars. .  

• Dieses such as yellow fever and malaria were brought over to the new world from Africa syphilis was carried back to England.  

• Historical Significance:  

• The spread of African diseases to the new world decimated it’s population, this pain was very one sided as the people who introduced these deadly threat were not as impacted as the places they brought them too.  

• The distrubtion of natural flora and fauna, both with disease and with new animals. Animals like horses and sheep which grassed away at the land faster than it could be replenished.  

• The forming of the new world economy, true seeing trade that took place across the whole world web 

• The introduction of new crops to places better suited for growing led to more plantations, and colonies based on the ability to supply for the other companies.  

  Military revolution – definition (what, when),  

• An increase in the complexities of war and expanse of war between 1450-1800, it comprises serval innovations in weaponry, defense, technology and administration. 

• Cost of war, monetarily and politically.  

• Empires grew, small states disappeared, 

• causes (why),  

• 1.larger armies and natives 

• 2. oceans navies ( not local natives) 

• 3. high taxes 

• 4. field artillery and fortification 

• 5. standing army  

• 6. logistical apparatus moving things from one place to another. 

• three examples of states or non-state entities that were successful (or not) 

• Mungal  

• Founders were Muslims from Central Asia  

• Akbar stabilized the Mungals and lunched their campaign 

• Success rested in part on military innovation, similar to the qing blended old and new together 

• Used guns and cannons, combined with Calvery archers used horses imported from Afghanistan  

• Had lots of money 

• Learned to use the negatable rivers(the Ganges, and Indus)   

• In order to consolidate power; the Mungal empire became religiously tolerant, also improved taxation  

• Ottoman 

• Lasted longer than the Mungals 

• Sucess rested on the canny integration of new weaponry into existing military culture, libertarian religious policy and heathy finances.  

• After making Istanbul / constonople their capital they controlled a very lucrative trade route.   

• Used Egypt’s prosperity to feed their armies.  

• Had access to horses grains and other important minerals that a population or military might need 

• Integrated firearms into military culture. Used guns.  

• Recreated an elite infantry force call Janissaries 

• They played a key role in the battle.  

Taxes were tightened up, re-introduced tax farming collect revenue in cash rather than in produce 

• Qing  

• Rose up during the fall of the Ming empire, left with no money and a fractured country on the brink of war. 

• Manchu elite renamed themselves Qing, consolidated power 

• Main military threat: pirate king power, confederations of nomads  

• Did not use guns, but rather focused on the techquine of war; through the use of cavalries, infantry, artillery, siege skills.  

• Emphasizing military virtue to influence Chinese culture.  

• They improved the efficiency of Taxation and encouraged voluntary contributions.  Plantations – definition,  

• Mega farming or production zones, that used mainly slave labor to accomplish their goal of mass production  

• sán tomé was unhinhabilited till plantaions cam along, allowing it to be filled with African slaves 

• Main hubs the Caribbean, and Brazil  

• causes for their expansion,  

• The growth of ships and ability to sail across the Atlantic 

• The ability for economic dominance via cash crops 

• Cash crops: “Drug foods” like sugar or tea 

• examples,  

• Sugar cane in the Carribean 

• Cotton in the American south  

• role in the global economy 

• Caused supply and demand for products and caused the enrichment of the British East India company  

• Caused catastrophic effects to the enslaved humans,  

• Atlantic revolutions – explain why revolutions were concentrated in the Atlantic world, compare two cases 

• Major revolutions are; Kongo, great Britain, Amercian, France, Haiti, Spanish America.  

• Traditionally taught approach  

• England , America, France  

• Downplaying the others, allowing the thought process of “European” innovation  

• Ideology as a part in revolution  

• Similarities: 

• Connected to a: global web. 

• Increase of wealth in the middle merchant class, slave and plantation owners wanting a share of political power.  

• Look at the colonies in the new world, an increase in autonomy, self-rule, and independence.  

• Local elites have a ceiling of power, but kings had unlimited power  

• Revolutions lead to decentralized power, providing less power to the monarchs, more power for elites 

Ideas and ideologies spread allowing the free flow of information from person to person 

Demonstration effect: that one revolution causes a domino effect of so many others,   

British revolution VS. French revolution: 

• British 

• The turmoil produced by the English civil war and unrest in the growing merchant class led to a revolution and restructuring  

• Olivier Cromwell led the commonwealth as a military dictatorship 

• The result was a almost bloodless war, or a glorious revolution  

• Decreased the power of the monarchy, increasing the power of parlement 

• French 

• Inspired by their role in the American revolution, and the enlightenment period 

• Urbanization and the estate caste system, and population growth 

• The national assembly declared the right of each man, using ideas from the enlightenment 

• Targeted the church and monarchy  

• Jacobins, preped to take extreme measures in order to prevent the revolution form dying out 

• Then the terror began with beheading and bloodshed coming through the streets 

• This instability and violence led to the rise of napoleon Bonaparte