social studies test

Who was Hannibal and how did he invade Italy?

Hannibal was the greatest army leader of Carthage. He invaded Italy by crossing the Alps with 40,000 soldiers and approximately 40 war elephants, eventually defeating three Roman armies.

What occurred in 146\text{ BCE} and what were the immediate results for Carthage?

Rome attacked Carthage, burned and looted the city, and sold the Carthaginian people into slavery.

Identify three changes that occurred in Rome after the events of 146\text{ BCE}.

1. Rome began to be ruled like an empire.

2. Rome was divided into many provinces (areas within the empire).

3. Magistrates sent to govern these provinces became cruel and corrupt due to their new power.

How did conquest and wealth create 'growing pains' for the Roman Republic?

Conquest brought power and wealth, but also increased the number of slaves and widened the gap between politicians and the poor. This led to rising tensions in the political system and corruption among leaders who broke rules and used violence to stay in power.

Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, and what problem were they trying to solve?

They were brothers who tried to redistribute land to the poor to prevent riots or a revolution. They aimed to address the growing poverty of Roman citizens compared to the increasing wealth and power of politicians.

Who was Gaius Marius and how did he change the Roman military?

Gaius Marius was a powerful consul who reformed the army by having the government pay for the armor and weapons of poor citizens. This made the army larger, more professional, and more loyal to their individual commanders.

Describe the conflict between Marius and Sulla in 87\text{ BCE}.

After an assembly stripped Sulla of his power and gave it to Marius, Sulla marched his army back to Rome to fight a civil war. Sulla defeated Marius and became dictator for the following year and beyond.

Who was Cicero and why was he considered an enemy by power-hungry Romans?

Cicero was a famous lawyer, speaker, and writer. He was considered an enemy because he supported the Republic and the Senate, famously warning against armed uprisings like those planned by his rival Catiline.

What was the significance of Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon River?

By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar sparked a civil war against Pompey and the Senate. He eventually won, took control of Rome, and was declared dictator for life.

Why was Julius Caesar assassinated in 44\text{ BCE}?

A group of senators murdered Caesar because they were angry that he had become dictator and wanted to restore the traditional Republic.

Who was Octavian and what was the final outcome for the Roman Republic?

Octavian was Caesar's teenage heir who took control after a civil war against Caesar's murderers. He transformed the Roman Republic into a monarchy (empire), ending civil wars but sacrificing the Republic's freedom.