POHS Chapter 9 and 10 Test Review

Flashcards to assist with the review of the Chapter 9 & 10 exam for POHS. Flashcards include vocabulary, past quiz questions, review questions, and notes.

aging

a process that begins at birth and ends at death

gerontology

the scientific study of aging and the problems of the old

geriatric care

care provided to older individuals

What trends do we see in terms of physical changes as we age?

The changes are gradual and there’s a decrease/loss of function

senile lentigines aka liver spots

dark-yellow or brown spots that develop on the skin as aging occurs

osteoporosis

condition in which calcium and other minerals are lost from the bones

arthritis

inflammation of the joints

thrombus

blood clot

emphysema

the alveoli lose their elasticity

bronchitis

bronchioles become inflamed

cataracts

the lens of the eyes become cloudy or opaque

glaucoma

condition in which the intraocular pressure of the eye increases and interferes with vision

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

nocturia

urination at night

incontinence

inability to control urination

autonomy

self-governance or the ability to decide for oneself by making choices and pursuing a course of action

disease

any condition that interferes with normal function

disability

physical or mental defect or handicap that interferes with normal functions

delirium

when confusion or disorientation is a temporary condition caused by a treatable condition

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke

obstructed supply of blood to the brain or a ruptured vessel causing hemorrhage

arteriosclerosis

walls of blood vessels become thick and inelastic

atherosclerosis

accumulation of fat or mineral deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels

Transient ischemic attacks aka ministrokes

temporary periods of diminished blood blow to the brain

dementia aka brain syndrome

loss of mental ability

alzheimer’s disease

a form of dementia that causes progressive changes in brain cells

reality orientation

activities that promote awareness of person, time, and place

culture

the values, beliefs, ideas, customs, and characteristics that are passed from one generation to the next

spiritual needs

beliefs and practices of an individual

ombudsman

A specially trained individual who works with the elderly and their families, health care providers, and other concerned individuals to improve quality of care and quality of life

What are some health providers that work in geriatric care?

activity directors, geriatrician, geriatric aide, home-health assistant, long term care administrator

myths

false beliefs

The term “old” refers to someone who is over 65

false

What does the word “old” refer to?

by how one thinks, feels, and behaves

Elderly people have experience and knowledge and are able to manage their affairs

True

Most elderly people are cared for in institutions or live in long-term care facilities

false

Many elderly people prefer to work in their 70s and 80s

True

When in reference to geriatric care, as someone grows older, what changes do we see?

We see gradual changes that are characterized by a decrease of function.

Why do we need to learn about these changes?

In order to provide proper care in response to these changes.

How does the integumentary system change as you grow older?

• production of new skin decreases

• skins loses elasticity

• senile lentigines appear

• sebaceous(oil) and sudoriferous(sweat) glands become less active

• circulation to the skin decreases

• hair loses color, hair loss occurs

Knowing the changes that occurs to the integumentary system, how would the healthcare provider care for the patient?

• bathing every other day instead of everyday, due to the decrease in moisture the skin can retain

• use of moisturizers and lotion to prevent dryness

• gentle cleansing and avoiding harsh soaps to minimize irritation

• ensure proper temperature management due to decreased circulation(prone to hypothermia)

• sun protection to prevent further damage to skin

• proper nail care, as they are more likely to get fungal and bacterial infections

How does the musculoskeletal system change as you grow older?

• muscles lose tone, volume, and strength

• gradual loss of height

• decreased mobility

• weakness

• loss of minerals in bones

• loss of cartilage elasticity in joints

Knowing the changes that occurs to the musculoskeletal system, how would the healthcare provider care for the patient?

• be wary of obstacles or hazards that could increase the risk of tripping and falling

• incorporate exercises to promote muscle and bone health

• promotion of good lifestyle choices

• provide mobility devices to aid

• incorporate proper treatment to promote mobility

How does the circulatory system change as you grow older?

• heart muscle becomes less efficient at pushing blood into arteries

• cardiac output decreases

• blood vessels narrow and become less elastic

• blood flow to the brain and other vital organs may decrease

How does the respiratory system change as you grow older?

• respiratory muscles become weaker

• changes in larynx affects voice

• alveoli loses elasticity

How does the nervous system change as you grow older?

• blood flow to the brain decreases

• progressive loss of brain cells

• senses diminish

• nerve endings are less sensitive

• short term memory loss may occur

What are some specific changes in the nervous system that results in reduced/diminished senses?

• cataracts

• glaucoma

• hearing loss

• taste and smell decreases

How does the digestive system change as you grow older?

• less digestive juices and enzymes are produced

• muscle action becomes slower

• peristalsis decreases

• teeth are lost

• liver function is reduced

• dysphagia- difficulty swallowing

How does the urinary system change as you grow older?

• kidney structure decrease in size

• less efficient at producing urine

• poor circulation to the kidney

• bladder function weakens

How does the endocrine system change as you grow older?

• decreased production of some hormones

• increased production of other hormones

• basal metabolic rate decreases

• gradual changes that take a long time

How does the reproductive system change as you grow older?

• for females, vaginal walls thin, decreased secretions, menopause, uterus drops, breasts sag

• for males, decreased sperm production, slower sexual stimuli, ejaculation takes longer, testes become smaller, seminal fluid thins and less is produced

What are the 5 psychosocial changes people experience as they grow older?

1. Work and retirement

2. social relationships

3. living environment

4. independence

5. disease and disability

culture

values, beliefs, ideas, customs, and characteristics, passed from one generation to the next

what are the four basic characteristics of culture?

• learned

• shared

• social in nature

• dynamic

ethnicity

classification of people based on national origin and/or culture

What are some common ethnic groups in the US?

• african american

• asian/pacific american

• european american

• hispanic american

• middle eastern/arab american

• native american

race

a classification of people based on physical or biological characteristics

bias

preference that inhibits impartial judgement

ethnocentric

belief in the superiority of the cultural values of one’s own ethnic group to those of other ethnic groups

Common biases around these topics include:

• age:

• education:

• economic:

• physical size:

• occupation:

prejudice

strong feeling or belief about a person or a subject that is formed without reviewing facts or information

stereotyping

occurs when an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same

holistic care

care that provides for the well-being of the whole person

acculturation

The process of learning the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant culture and assuming some of the characteristics

agnostic

An individual who believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved

atheist

A person who does not believe in any deity

cultural diversity

Differences among individuals based on cultural and ethnic factors

cultural assimilation

Absorption of many cultures into the dominant culture

extended family

Includes the nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

matriarchal

Social organization in which the mother or oldest woman is the authority figure

monotheist

Believe in the existence of one God

nuclear family

Consists of one or two parents and a child or children

patriarchal

Social organization in which the father or oldest male is the authority figure

personal space

The distance people require to feel comfortable while interacting with others

polytheist

worship and believe in many gods

religion

An organized system of belief in a higher power

sensitivity

The ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others

transcultural healthcare

Health care based on the cultural beliefs, emotional needs, spiritual feelings, and physical needs of a person