ANS 431 - Reproductive Physiology Exam 1

female reproductive system

production and development of oocytes

provide an environment for the growth and nourishment of the developing embryo/fetus after fertilization

synthesis of hormones

cow

female bovine

bull

male bovine

ewe

female ovine

ram

male ovine

sow

female porcine

boar

male porcine

hen

female avian

rooster

male avian

broad ligament

connective tissue sheet which supports and suspends the reproductive tract

mesometrium

the broad ligament that suspends the uterus

mesovarium

the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries

mesosalpinx

the broad ligament that suspends the oviducts

estrogen

a steroid hormone produced by the ovary:

regulates growth

enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus

stimulates the growth of the follicle

maintains thickness of vaginal wall and promotes lubrication

helps stop milk flow after weaning

gilt

young female porcine

barrow

castrated male pig

hiefer

young female bovine

progesterone

a steroid hormone produced by the ovary:

prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation

supports pregnancy

inhibin

protein hormone produced by the ovary:

produced by the granulosa cell

regulation of pituitary FSH secretion

reduces the hypothalamic LH releasing hormone content

corpus luteum

produces progesterone

follicle

a small fluid filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature oocyte

primordial follicle

one layer of flattened granulosa cells around the oocyte

primary follicle

one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells around an oocyte

secondary follicles

two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around the oocyte and no sign of antrum formation

tertiary follicle

follicle forms a fluid filled cavity; differentiation of cell layers in the follicle wall

antrum

follicular fluid

theca cells

a group of endocrine cells in the ovary made up of connective tissue surrounding the follicle

granulosa cells

the cells on the innermost layer of the follicle

oviducts

gamete transport

fertilization site

supports early embryo development

transport of embryo to uterus

infundibulum

the section of the oviduct closest to the ovary

ampullary

the mid-section of the oviduct

isthmus

the section of the oviduct closest to the uterus

uterotubal junction

the site of fertilization

fimbriae

finger-like projections on the end of the oviduct closest to the ovary

ostium

the opening of the oviduct

uterus

muscle contraction to transport sperm and expel fetus and placenta

absorption and phagocytosis

partially prepares sperm for fertilization

provide environment for embryo and fetal growth

hormone production

prostaglandin F2a

produced by the uterus

stimulates the contraction of uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and produces vasoconstriction in some blood vessels

bicornuate

what type of uterus do cows have?

endometrium

mucous membrane lining the inside of the uterus

myometrium

the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus

middle-tissue layer

perimetrium

the outer serous layer of the uterus

cervix

transport of sperm

barrier to sperm

reservoir for sperm

blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy

birth canal

4-5

the cow has how many cervical rings?

connective

the cervix is composed of thick ______ tissue

mucus

_____ is secreted from the cervix near time of breeding and ovulation

vagina

copulatory organ

has glands that secrete lubrication

glands secrete pheromones

birth canal

anterior vagina

portion of the vagina closest to the uterus

has columnar epithelium submucosa

posterior vagina

portion of the vagina closest to the vulva

has stratified squamous epithelium

labia

closes the entrance to the vagina

clitoris

female sensory organ

mare

has kidney bean-shaped ovary

cow

has almond shaped ovary

sow

has grape-like shaped ovary

non-equine ovary

cortex on outside of ovary

ovulation can occur on any point of the ovary

Mare ovary

medulla on the inside of the ovary, cortex on the outside

ovulation occurs at the ovulation fossa

germinal epithelium

what part of the ovary is responsible for 85% of ovarian cancers?

corpus albicans

scar tissue on the ovary from past ovulations

cow

4-5 cervical rings

short uterine body

medium uterine horns

mare

large uterine body

short uterine horns

longitudinal folds along the cervix

sow

long uterine horns

interdigitating pads

no vaginal fornix

cat and dog

small uterine body

long uterine horns

human

what species has a simplex reproductive tract?

simplex

large uterine body with no horns

bicournate

uterine body with horns

duplex

in opossum, rabbit, and mouse

2 uterine horns with 2 cervixes

opossum

what species has 2 vaginas?

vulva

most caudal part of the genital tract

12 - 15cm

labia or lips

protects the entrance of the vagina

situated approx. 7 cm below the anus

commissures

dorsal and ventral are the sites of the union of the labia

perineum

area surrounding the vulva and anus

conformation is critical

pneumovagina

“Windsucking”

the anus is too deep, pulling the labia tight allowing wind to enter the vulva.

80%

how much of the vulva should be below the pelvic floor

cloaca

where the vagina and large intestine meet in avian species.

male reproductive system

produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen

discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract

produce and secrete male sex hormones

scrotum

bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles

thermoregulation and support

has sweat glands and thermosensitive nerves

tunica dartos

smooth muscle

elevates the testes

androgen dependent (testosterone)

tunica albuginea

dense connective tissue

close related with secretory tissues of the testicle

rete testis

a network of small tubes in the testicles that helps move sperm cells from the testicle to the epididymis

seminiferous tubule

tubes in the testicles lined with complex stratified epithelium containing spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells

parenchyma and mediastinum

layers of the testis

testicular capsule

dynamic suborgan that changes in response to hormones and neurotransmitters

comprised of the VVT andTA

has finger-like projections

visceral vaginal tunic

thin membrane

provides support

from peritoneum

testicular parenchyma

made up of the tubular compartment and interstitial parenchyma

tubular compartment

seminiferous epithelium

sertoli cells

developing germ cells

peritubular cells

interstitial parenchyma

all cells and materials outside the seminiferous (blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerve, and the interstitial cells of Leydig

mediastinum

holds the rete testis

germ cells

sperm cells

sertoli cells

surround developing germ cells

provide structural and metabolic support to the developing spermatogenic cells

production: androgen binding protein, sulfated glycoprotein, transferrin, and inhibin

blood-testes barrier

adjacent sertoli cells are joined together by tight junction through their basal cytoplasmic processes over spermatogonia

prevents entry of harmful substances from blood affecting developing sperms and at the same time preventing sperms related proteins to enter circulation

leydig cells

located between seminiferous tubules

produces androgens (testosterone)

epididymis

local where the spermatozoa gain the ability to fertilize an oocyte

caput

at the top of the testes

concentration of sperm fluctuates

sperm is not motile or fertile

proximal cytoplasmic droplet

low disulfide crosslinking

proximal head

what part of the epididymis reabsorbes a significant amount of rete fluid?

distal head

what part of the epididymis secretes fluid into the lumen of the epididymal duct?

corpus

lies parallel to the ductus deferens

the concentration of sperm remains constant

sperm has some motility and fertility

translocating cytoplasmic droplet

moderate to high degree of disulfide crosslinking

can bind to oocytes

cauda

located at the bottom of the testes

normal motility and fertile potential

distal droplet

high degree of disulfide crosslinking

can bind to oocytes

proximal tail

sperm in this section of the epididymis cannot be moved into ejaculatory position following sexual stimulation

distal tail

sperm in this section of the epididymis are eligible for ejaculation, where they move into the ductus deferens and into the pelvic urethra during sexual stimulation

9-14

how many days does sperm transport time take in boars?

12

how many days does sperm transport time take in rams?

14

how many days does sperm transport time take in bulls?