General Pathology Exam III

True

True/False- The terms neoplasm and tumor are synonymous.

Prognosis

What is the anticipated or usual course of a disease?

Benign

What types of tumors are localized to a single area and will not metastisize?

Encapsulated

If a tumor is surrounded by connective tissue, it is said to be what?

Mole

What is the common name for a melanocytic nevus?

Polyp

What is a mass of tissue that projects above the mucosal surface?

Adenoma

What is a benign mass of glandular origin?

Papilloma

What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that protrudes microscopic finger-like fronts?

Wart

Areas of papillomatous growth are seen externally as what?

Cervical cancer

HPV related growth may serve as a pre-cancerous mass with potential to differentiate into what?

Hamartoma

What is a mass of tissue that is overgrowing and the tissues involved are native to the area they are found?

False

True/False- Hamartomas are virtually always malignant.

Parenchyma

What part of the tumor determines its name?

Stroma

What part of the tumor provides blood supply and a framework to support it?

False

True/false- Poorly differentiated tumors (anapestic tumors) highly resemble their progenitor cells.

Anaplasia

What is a lack of differentiation in neoplastic cells?

Fibroadenoma

What is the most common benign tumor of the breast?

Pleomorphic adenoma

What is a mixed tumor of the salivary glands?

Benign

Mixed tissue tumors are most likely to be of what severity?

Teratoma

What is a tumor that derived from at least two of the three embryonic germ layer?

Ovaries, testes, or sacrococcygeal region

Where are teratomas most likely to develop?

Sarcoma

What is a cancer that derives from solid mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue)?

Leukemia

What type of cancer is a mutation to white blood cells and is found circulating in the blood stream or in bone marrow?

Lymphoma

What type of cancer is a mutation of white blood cells and is found in the lymphatic system?

Leukemia and osteosarcoma

What are the most common pediatric tumors?

Carcinoma

What is a cancer that originates from epithelial cells?

Carcinoma

What is the most common form of cancer in humans?

Carcinoma

What type of cancer is most likely to be age related?

Dysplasia

What is a pre-neoplastic or pre-cancerous change?

Carcinoma in situ

What is the earliest form of cancer and if commonly referred to as pre-invasive cancer?

Stage 0

Carcinoma in situ is said to be in which stage of cancer?

Ductal carcinoma in situ

What is a very common form of stage 0 breast cancer that is often discovered during mammographies?

Benign

What severity of tumor is most likely to be differentiated?

Malignant

What severity of tumor is most likely to be anaplastic?

Infiltration

What is the local invasion of a tumor into surrounding tissues?

Hemangioma

What is an example of an unencapsulated benign tumor?

False

True/false- Benign tumors have the capability to metastasize.

30

What percent of tumors are diagnosed after which they have already metastasized?

Seeding

What route of metastasis is relatively rare and typically occurs with ovarian and central nervous system cancers?

Lymphatic

What type of metastasis is characteristic of carcinomas?

Sentinel node

What is the name of the first lymph node that receives lymphatic drainage from the are where the primary tumor is located?

Thoracic duct

Lymphatic cancers may metastasize to the hematopoietic system via what structure?

Hematopoietic

What type of metastasis is characteristic of sarcomas?

First

FIB- Hematopoietic cancers will typically metastasize to the ------- capillary bed that they encounter.

Epidemiology

What is the study of death or disease in groups of people?

Stomach cancer

What is the most common type of cancer among Japanese individuals?

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and esophageal cancer

What cancers are most common among united states citizens?

Liver cancer

What cancer is most common among individuals in Africa?

Yes

Are cancer rates stable?

Decreasing

Cancer related deaths in the United States are (increasing/decreasing).

55-75

People of what age group are most likely to suffer the highest rates of cancer-related deaths?

Sporadic cancers

What are cancers that develop in the absence of a family history of a particular cancer, and are primarily thought to be the result of harmful environmental exposures?

Barrett's esophagus

What is dysplasia of the bronchial epithelia that results from habitual cigarette smoking?

True

True/False- Most preneoplastic changes do not lead to cancer.

Adenoma of the colon

What is one exception to the rule of preneoplastic changes, in that this leads to cancer 30% of the time?

Cancer genes (proto-oncogenes)

What is the name given to the various genes involved with cellular growth?

Oncogene

What is an altered proto-oncogene called?

One (Dominant)

How many alleles are needed to be altered in order to cause a proto-oncogene to change its phenotype?

TSG (tumor suppressor genes)

What are normal genes that slow down cellular growth?

Both (2 alleles, recessive)

How many alleles must be altered or mutated to cause a TSG to change its phenotype and lose its normal ability?

Apoptosis

Aside from tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogene mutations, successful cancers typically shut down the pathways that lead to what normal cellular "death portal"?

Mutations and epigenetic modifications

What are the two types of genetic alterations related to cancer?

Driver mutations

What type of mutation is one that directly contributes to the development and progression of a specific cancer?

UV light or cigarette smoke (Environmental carcinogens)

What is the most likely way a driver mutation is to be acquired?

Passenger mutation

What type of mutation doesn't drive cancer progression and occur more randomly throughout the genome?

Passenger mutation

What type of mutation is known to produce genetic subclones that may give rise to a tumor with selective advances against some therapies?

Germline

What type of mutations are more likely to affect the entire body?

APC

What inherited cancer gene is linked to colorectal cancer?

NF1

What inherited cancer gene is linked to neurofibromatosis?

BRCA1 and BRCA2

What inherited cancer genes are linked to breast cancers and ovarian cancers?

Point mutations

What type of mutation may activate or deactivate proteins, and are known to activate the RAS gene?

tp53

One of this gene's alleles may be deactivated by point mutations, what is this gene?

CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)

Most all cases of what type of hematopoietic cell cancer involve a specific balanced translocation between genetic material on chromosome 9 and 22?

Philadelphia chromosome

What is the name given to the affected chromosome(s) in chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Burkitt lymphoma

What hematopoietic cell cancer most commonly has a balanced translocation between chromosome 8 and 14?

HER2

What is the well known breast cancer promoting gene that isn't inherited and occurs in 20% of cancer cases?

Double minutes

What are the extrachromosomal DNA fragments that are evident within an involved cell due gene amplifications?

Chemical carcinogens, ionizing radiation, and microbial infections

What are the three primary environmental carcinogenic exposures?

HTLV-1

What is the oncogenic RNA virus that increases the risk of developing T cell leukemia or lymphoma, and is common to areas of Japan, the Caribbean, Africa, and South America?

HTLV-1

What oncogenic RNA virus is acquired through sexual contact, breastfeeding, or direct contact with infected blood, but doesn't develop for nearly 50 years after exposure? This is the same way you can acquire HIV-AIDS.

HPV-6 and HPV-11

Which HPV strains are more likely to produce warts?

HPV-16 and HPV-18

What HPV strains are at an increased risk of developing cancerous transformation?

E6

What gene from HPV binds to the p53 protein?

E7

What gene from HPV binds to the Rb protein?

EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)

What virus is responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis (mono), and was the first virus to be associated with cancer?

Burkitt lymphoma (B- cell cancers)

What cancers have an increased risk of development after acquiring EBV?

Helicobacter pylori

What is the bacterial infection that is characteristically involved with the stomach, and lead to adenocarcinomas or mucosa associated lymphoid tumors (MALT lymphomas)?

Cancer Cachexia

What is the wasting away of body fat and lean muscle mass due to advanced cancer?

Tumor necrosis factor

What cytokine is commonly increased in the presence of advanced cancer?

Paraneoplastic syndromes

What is the collection of signs and symptoms that occur in someone with neoplasia, and occurs as a result of hormonal abnormalities or immune dysregulation in cancer?

Paraneoplastic syndromes

What may be the earliest manifestation of an occult or previously undiagnosed cancer?

Cushing syndrome, hypercalcemia, polycythemia, acanthosis nigricans, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

What are the main examples of paraneoplastic syndromes?

Cushing disease

What is it called when hypercortisolism leads specifically to pituitary adenoma?

Cushing syndrome

What paraneoplastic syndrome is characteristic of purple striae, buffalo hump, moon facies and is due to hypercortisolism?

Grading

What is a method of quantifying a tumor's level of cellular differentiation?

Staging

What is the method of quantifying a tumor's extend of spread and has a much greater clinical value due to the information obtained from imaging studies?

Excision

What is the partial removal of an organ or tissue from the body?

Biopsy

What is the removal of a small number of cells?

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

What type of biopsy uses a needle to achieve cell samples from a superficial tumor, such as those of the breast, thyroid, lymph nodes, and salivary glands?

Cytological smear (Pap smear)

What type of biopsy is used to sample the shed cells of the cervix, endometrium, meninges, bronchi, bladder, prostate, or stomach?