Anatomy Semester 1 Final

Sagittal Section

Divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts.

Frontal (or Coronal) Section

Divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse (or Cross) Section

Divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Two internal body cavities

Dorsal & Ventral

Dorsal body cavity has 2 subdivisions

Cranial Cavity (Houses the brain, protected by the skull) & Spinal Cavity (Houses the spinal cord, protected by the vertebrae)

Ventral body cavity has 2 subdivisions separated by the diaphragm

Thoracic Cavity & Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

~Superior the the diaphragm

~Houses the heart, lungs, and other organs

~Protected by the rib cage.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

~Inferior to the diaphragm

~Superior abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver, and other organs (protected only by trunk muscles)

~Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum (protected by bony pelvis)

~No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

Abdominal Regions

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, and right lower quadrant

Directional Terms

~Superior (cranial/cephalic): toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above

~Inferior (caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

~Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the body; in front of

~Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the backside of the body; behind

~Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

~Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

~Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

~Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

~Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

~Superficial (external): toward or at the body surface

~Deep (internal): away from the body surface; more internal

Organization of the Body

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Abdominal Quadrants

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Integumentary System

~Forms the external boy covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails

~Waterproofs the body

~Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury

~Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight

~Excretes salts in perspiration

~Helps regulate body temperature

~Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Skeletal System

~Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

~Provides muscle attachment for movement

~Protects vital organs

~Site of blood cell formation

~Stores minerals

Muscular System

~Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

~Produces movement of bones

Nervous System

~Fast-acting control system

~Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

~Responds to internal and external stimuli

~Sensory receptors detect changes

~Messages are sent to the central nervous system

~Central nervous system assesses information and activates effectors (muscles and glands)

Endocrine System

~Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

~Body functions controlled by hormones include:

~Growth

~Reproduction

~Use of nutrients

~Endocrine glands include:

~Pituitary gland

~Thyroid and parathyroids

~Adrenal glands

~Thymus

~Pancreas

~Pineal gland

~Ovaries (females) and testes (males)

Cardiovascular System

~Includes heart and blood vessels

~Heart pumps blood

~Vessels transport blood to tissues

Blood transports:

~Oxygen and carbon dioxide

~Nutrients

~Hormones

~Blood also contains white blood cells and chemicals that provide protection from foreign invaders

Lymphatic System

~Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs

~Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to bloodstream

~Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood

~Houses white blood cells, which are involved in immunity

Respiratory System

~Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

~Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs

~Supplies the body with oxygen

~Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive System

~Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs

~Breaks down food

~Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

~Eliminates indigestible material as feces

Urinary System

~Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

~Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

~Maintains acid-base balance

~Regulates water and electrolyte balance

~Helps regulate normal blood pressure

Reproductive System

~For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system

~Testes produce sperm

~Duct system carries sperm to exterior

~For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

~Ovaries produce eggs

~Uterus provides site of development for fetus

Receptor

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

Control Center

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

Structure of Carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Structures of Fats

Trans fats, saturated fats, and unsaturated fats

Structure of Proteins

Composed of amino acids

Structure of Steroids

~4 Interlocking rings

~Most important steroid molecule is cholesterol

Structure of Amino Acids

~Amino Group