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key terms
social group
1+ people who interact with each other, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity
social identity theory
refers to the way one thinks about and evaluates themselves in relation to their membership with groups
social categorization
divides the social environment into in-groups (individuals we relatively identify with) and out-groups (individuals we do not identify with/ very loosely identify with)
social identity
part of our self-concept based on our membership with other groups; adopt identity of our in-groups
social comparison
comparisons between groups and their members
positive distinctiveness
type of social comparison where groups perceive and act in superiority in comparison to their outgroups
conformity
acting in accordance with standards of behavior defined by the in-group
social cognitive theory
a theory of learning explaining how people are actively shaped by or shaping their environment
reciprocal determinism
refers to the dynamic and reciprocal interaction of three factors: personal, environmental, and behavioral; people seek to develop a sense of agency to exert control over important events in their lives
self-efficacy
belief & confidence in oneself to do something
stereotypes
results from social categorization; a social schema that generalizes characteristics and attitudes about out-groups
out-group homogeneity
perception that those belonging to out-groups are similar
stereotype threat
members of a stereotyped group may inadvertently reinforce the stereotype by performing worse as a result of anxiety
spotlight anxiety
emotional stress and pressure may undermine performance
culture
underlying belief; made up of a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next
cultural groups
groups characterized by different norms and conventions; membership to 1+ cultural groups have been seen to have a direct effect on both behavior and cognition
cultural norms
shared expectations of appropriate ways of thinking and behaving specific to a particular cultural group
culture of honor
a culture characterized by the importance that is placed on maintaining one’s honor: strength, and social reputation; responds negatively when these aspects are insulted by another party.
cultural dimensions
refer to the values of members of a society living within a culture; dimensions are the values of a society and how they effect behavior
individualism
loose ties with individuals and a prioritization on one’s sellf/ identity ; more independent and therefore self-reliant
collectivism
close ties with individuals belonging to their in-group having identity being defined by relationships and a prioritization in maintaining them harmoniously
enculturation
process by which individuals learn and internalize the necessary and appropriate norms in the context of their culture
gatekeeper theory
people in society who decide what information is shared with groups and other individuals control access to said information in a social group
socialization
the process by which we learn and become part of a group
gender socialization
the tendency fir boys and girls to socialize differently
gender norms/ roles
a set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on their sex
acculturation
process of psychological and cultural change asa result of contact and interaction with other cultures in order to assimilate with a new culture
assimilation
when an individual loses a sense of belonging to his or her heritage culture and completely adopts and adapts to the norms and values of their new culture; produces the highest level of acculturative stress
integration
an individual adapts to the new culture by adopting the cultural values and norms , but they still have strong connections with their heritage culture; produces the lowest level of acculturative stress
acculturative stress “culture shock”
reduction in mental health and well-being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adaptation to a new culture
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