Exam II

How many times more viscous is blood than water?

5x

**Whole** **Blood**

**Formed Elements** **+** **Plasma**

pH of blood

7\.35-7.45

How many L of blood in male?

\~5-6L

How many L of blood in female?

\~4-5L

Temperature of Blood

38 C or 100.4 F

What color is deoxygenated blood?

deep red- burgandy

What color is oxygenated blood?

bright red

What are the 3 types of plasma protein? (FAG)

Fibrinogen, Albumin, and Globulin

Blood Plasma consists of how many percent of whole blood?

\~55%

Which of these are NOT produced by the liver?

a. Albumin

b. Alpha and Beta Globulin

c. Immunoglobulin

d. Fibrinogen

Immunoglobulin aka Antibodies

Cellular component makes how many % of the blood?

45%

Megakaryocytes produce?

platelets

Erythropoiesis

process of forming erythrocytes

Leukopoiesis

process of forming leukocytes

Thrombopoiesis

process of forming platelets

small proteins or peptides that have a specific effect or effects when they bind to receptors on their target cells

Cytokines

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

120 days

Does hemoglobin irreversibly binds with oxygen?

no- reversibly

Each heme’s central iron (Fe2+) binds with?

O2 molecule

O2 binds to Hb

oxyhemoglobin (bright red)

Hemoglobin without oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)

CO2 bound to Hb

carbaminohemoglobin

How long does it take to form erythropoiesis and where does it form?

15 days and in red bone marrow

How many RBCs are made per second?

\~2-3 million

Too few RBCs lead to?

hypoxia

Too many RBCs lead to?

increased blood viscosity

Hypoxia

inadequate availability of oxygen

What breaks down dying RBCs?

Macrophages in lymph organs

How can leukocytes leave capillaries?

doapedesis (emigration)

Neutrophils form spears that pierce holes in membrane of ingested microbe.

What do eosinophils attack?

parasites- parasitic worms

How do eosinophils attack?

release enzymes and digest their surface

Histamine

DILATES blood vessels

Heparin

anti-coagulant; prevents blood clotting

Where are lymphocytes mostly found?

lymphoid tissue

What shape do RBCs become when O2 levels are low?

crescent

**Thromboembolic Disorders**

undesirable clot formation

Bleeding Disorders:

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

**Thrombus**

blood clot that develops and persists or remains in blood vessel​

**Embolus**

thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

**Embolism**

embolus obstructing a vessel

**Anticoagulant Drugs**:

used to prevent undesirable clotting- blood thinners

**Anticoagulant Drugs**: Aspirin

inhibits thromboxane A2

**Anticoagulant Drugs**: Heparin

anticoagulant used clinically for pre-operative and post-operative cardiac care

**Anticoagulant Drugs**: Warfarin

used for people prone to atrial fibrillation

**Anticoagulant Drugs**: Dabigatran

directly inhibits thrombin

**Thrombocytopenia**

deficient number of circulating platelets

**Lymph**

interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)

​​**Lymphatic** **vessels** (**Lymphatics**)

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

**Lymphatic** (**Lymphoid)** **tissues** and **Lymphatic (Lymphoid)** **organs**

* houses lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune cells​
* structures include ***spleen***, ***thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes***, other ***lymphoid tissues***

Lacteals

lymphatic capillaries that absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (**chyle**) to the blood

**Lymphangitis**

condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin 

**Lymphedema**

accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage​

Most caused by blockage of lymph vessel

NK cells attack?

cancerous and virally infected cells

***T cells*** function

manage immune response, and attack and destroy infected cells

B cells

become **plasma** **cells →** secrete **antibodies**

**Macrophages**

phagocytic cells found in various tissue to __help activate lymphocytes__

**Dendritic Cells**

phagocytic cells found in connective tissue and epidermis to __help activate lymphocytes__

What do Lymphoid Nodule Germinal Centers contain?

**proliferating B cells** + **Antigen Presenting Cells**

**MALT**

**m**ucosa-**a**ssociated **l**ymphatic **t**issue

***Primary*** **Lymphatic (Lymphoid) Organs**

**Red Bone Marrow** and **Thymus**​

***Secondary*** **Lymphatic (Lymphoid) Organs**

**Lymph Nodes, Appendix, Spleen**, **Tonsils, MALT**

How many lymph nodes are found throughout the body?

600

Lymph **Macrophages**

remove and destroy microorganisms and debris that enter lymph

Cortex contains

T and B cells

Medulla contains

B cells, plasma cells, macrophages

***Buboes***

inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy​

True/False: Lymph nodes can become ***secondary cancer sites*** if metastasizing cancer cells become trapped in node

True

True/False: spleen filters lymph

True

Where are MALT found?

in lamina propria throughout body

*Phagocytes*

white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders​

**Neutrophils**

most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material​

**Eosinophils**

phagocytic cells; attack parasitic worms 

**Macrophages**

develop from **monocytes** and are the chief and most robust​ phagocytic cells

**Opsonization (cup handles)**

immune system uses __antibodies__ or __complement proteins__ as **opsonins- Antibody (IgG or IgM) or complement protein (C3B)** that coat pathogens​

Cytolysis

cell burst

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Natural Killer

nonphagocytic that programmed cell death

What cells do Natural Killer attack?

cells that lack “self” cell-surface antigens

Is fever a cardinal sign of inflammation?

no

Is Prostaglandin an inflammatory mediator?

Yes

TRUE/FALSE: C3B binds to the pathogen while C3A goes stimulate masts and basophils

TRUE

During a fever, what is secreted?

pryrogens

What are pyrogens?

Pyrogens are fever-chemical producing agent reset body’s thermostat is hypothalamus- raised body temperature.

Is humoral immunity, antibody or cell mediated?

Antibody

Is cellular immunity, antibody or cell mediated?

Cell mediated

Helper T cell

activates other lymphocytes ​(B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells) ​and macrophages

“help by activate”

**Cytotoxic T Cell**

directly kills virus-infected cells and ​ tumor cells

Antigens

substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response​

**MHC Class I protein**

displayed by all NUCLEATED cells except RBCs

**MHC Class II protein**

displayed by ***Antigen Presenting Cells*** (APCs) (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells)

Cytokines

Chemical messengers of immune system

T Lymphocyte Activation:


1. Antigen binding
2. Co-stimulation
3. Clonal selection

T cell antigen receptors (**TCRs**) bind to antigen-MHC complex on APC surface

**Co-stimulation**

The release of cytokines (IL-1)​

The binding of cell surface proteins: ​

CD4 binds with MHC II

CD8 binds with MHC I​

CD28 binds with B7​

Do Helper Th cells activate both humoral and cellular immunity?

yes

Cells that are cloned become?

plasma cells- antibody-secreting cells

Cells that do not become plasma cells become?

memory cells

What happens once a specific antigen is recognized by a B cell receptor?

cross-linking

**Autoimmune disease**

results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign