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William McKinley

Republican nominee for president in 1896 from Ohio who supported the gold standard.

George Custer

Colonel who ignored the Treaty of Fort Laramie and sparked a gold rush in the Black Hills; fought against Native Americans and failed.

Chief Red Cloud

Sioux leader who opposed white settlement on the Bozeman Trail; associated with the Battle of the Hundred Slain.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic congressman from Nebraska who supported bimetallism and won the Democratic nomination in 1896.

Captain Fetterman

Military officer involved in the Fetterman Massacre against Native Americans.

Crazy Horse

Native American leader who fought against Custer and played a significant role in the Fetterman Massacre and the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Oliver Hudson Kelley

Founder of the Grange, an organization to support farmers.

Sitting Bull

Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux who opposed the Treaty of Fort Laramie and fought in key battles including Little Bighorn.

Morrill Act

Act passed in 1862 and 1890 that provided federal land to states to finance agricultural colleges.

Plains culture

The lifestyle of Native Americans characterized by small villages, hunting, farming, craftsmanship, and spirituality.

Homestead Act

Legislation that granted 160 acres of land to citizens or intended citizens who were heads of households.

Ghost Dance Movement

A spiritual movement among Native Americans that envisioned deceased ancestors returning and white settlers disappearing.

Great Plains

Region in the central U.S. home to Native Americans, stretching to the far west, often misunderstood by Easterners.

Carlisle School

Institution that forced Native Americans to speak English, dress in white styles, and adhere to U.S. values.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who fought in Native American wars and became park rangers.

Ft. Laramie treaty

Agreement that closed the Bozeman Trail and designated a Sioux reservation, despite ongoing conflicts.

Dawes Act

Legislation that forced assimilation on Native Americans by breaking up reservations and distributing land.

Farmers alliances

Organizations of supporters advocating for farmers' rights and economic reforms.

Bonanza farm

Large-scale farms that produced a single crop.

Gold standard

Monetary system where currency value is directly linked to gold.

Wounded Knee massacre

Final major battle of the Great Plains, resulting in significant loss of life.

Battle of Little Big Horn

Also known as Custer's Last Stand; significant conflict between Native Americans and U.S. forces.

Populism

A political movement advocating for the rights and reforms benefiting the working class, especially farmers.

Three economic reforms pushed by the Populist party

Increasing the money supply, implementing a graduated income tax, and establishing a federal loan program.

Essential animal to the Plain Indians

Buffalo, which was vital for their way of life.

Exoduster

African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas after the Civil War.

Soddy

A type of home built from prairie turf, known for being cool in summer and warm in winter.