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William McKinley - William McKinley was the nominee running for president in 1896 from Ohio and the Republican Party that backed the gold standard.

George Custer - Colonel George A. Custer decided to ignore the Treaty of Fort Laramie and reported to others that there was gold in the Black Hills “from the grass roots down,” sparking a gold rush. Custer also fought Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall, and many other Native Americans, ultimately failing.

Chief Red Cloud - Direct quote from the textbook: “The Bozeman Trail ran directly through Sioux hunting grounds in the Bighorn Mountains. had unsuccessfully appealed to the government to end white settlement on the trail. In December 1866, the warrior Crazy Horse ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman and his company at Lodge Trail Ridge. Over 80 soldiers were killed. Native Americans called this fight the Battle of the Hundred Slain. Whites called it the Fetterman Massacre.”

William Jennings Bryan -  was a former Nebraska congressman from the Democratic Party that attended the Democratic convention in 1896 that backed bimetallism and won the Democratic nomination.

Captain Fetterman - fought against the Native Ameicans at the Fetterman Massacre and lost.

Crazy House - fought against Custer and won, and he led Native Americans at the Fetterman Massacre and won. Main person at the Battle of Little BigHorn

Oliver Hudson Kelley - formed the Patrons of Husbandry that was more commonly known as the Grange, an organization for farmers. 

Sitting Bull - was a leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux who did not sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, but the Ogala and Brule Sioux did sign it. This treaty stated that the government would close off the Bozeman Trail and that the Sioux could live on a reservation along the Missouri River. However, even with this treaty being signed, the Sioux thought that they would still be able to use their traditional hunting grounds. Fought at the Battle of Little BigHorn(Crazy horse was the main person at Little BigHorn) and Wounded Knee

What act was passed in both 1862 and 1890 and gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges? - The States received federal lands with the Morrill Act to be able to help finance agricultural colleges.

What does the Plains culture for Native Americans look like? - Small villages/extended families, Hunters, Farmers,  Craftsmen, Spirituality/Shaman

What did the Homestead Act do? - allowed for any citizen or intended citizen that was the head of household to get 160 acres out west.

What was the Ghost Dance Movement? -     Deceased family/buffalo would rise up (from the dead) and white men would disappear

What are the Great Plains? - was the place where the Native Americans lived. It stretched from the Central portion of the US to far west. Many Easterners knew very little about it, thus they wrongly assumed that the Native Americans were savages.

What did the Carlisle School force Native Americans to do? (3 Things) - 

Speak English, Dress white, Act according to US values

Who were Buffalo Soldiers? - fought in Native American Wars, They eventually became park rangers, protected from natives, Previous slaves that became part of the army and could make a name for themselves

What did the Ft. Laramie treaty do? - stated that the government would close off the Bozeman Trail and that the Sioux could live on a reservation along the Missouri River. However, even with this treaty being signed, the Sioux thought that they would still be able to use their traditional hunting grounds, which many of the white settlers did not approve of. This led to the Fetterman Massacre.

What act forced assimilation upon Native Americans? - Dawes Act

What were farmers alliances? - was made up of many people who supported and sympathized with farmers. Lecturers were sent from town to town to inform the people on lower interest rates on loans and government control over railroads and banks.Oliver Hudson Kelley – Patrons of Husbandry aka the Grange, Leads to Farmers’ Alliances, Membership grows to over 4 million mostly in south and west, Rise of “Populism”, 5 senators in west, Presidential candidate James B Weaver 10% of vote

What was a bonanza farm? - Massive farms growing 1 crop

What was the gold standard? -  Money in gold

What was the final major battle of the Great Plains? - Wounded knee massacre

What is the Battle of Little Big Horn also known as? - bozeman trail

What is populism? - was the movement of the people, and demanded reforms to help farmers and other workers get out of debt and give them a greater voice in the government.

Three economic reforms pushed by the Populist party:

Increase in the money supply

A graduated income tax

A federal loan program

What animal was essential to the Plain Indians? - Buffalo

What is an Exoduster? - Exodusters were African Americans who moved from the South after the Civil War to Kansas.

What is a soddy? - A soddy was a home made from stacking prairie turf. It would be cool in the summer, warm in the winter, and was fireproof, however, there was not much light inside, it was small, it would leak continuously when it rained, and would be prone to pests.