Who discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague?
Yersin
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2
Who was sent to investigate the plague in Karachi, where he discovered the role of rats and fleas.
Simond
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3
Simond worked for the _________?
Pasteur Institute
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4
In the case of bubonic plague, humans and other mammals can be secondary hosts. Rodents and fleas may be considered primary hosts with fleas also acting as: _____________?
vectors
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5
Etiology means _____________?
the cause of a disease
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6
A disease that can jump from animals to humans is called a ________________________?
zoonotic disease
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7
Who wrote the Decameron?
Boccaccio
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8
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague also causes two other forms of the disease. Name one:
Pneumonic or Septicemic
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9
If untreated, bubonic plague kills what percentage of its victims within about four days?
50%
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10
The most characteristic symptom of bubonic plague is the presence of:
buboes
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11
The Black Death reached Italy from the Black Sea port of:
Kaffa
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12
Give the years of the Black Death:
1347-51
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13
What are some of the short-term results of the Black Death?
A crisis of faith in the Church's promise of salvation; the practice of medicine by untrained and uneducated individuals; renewed and stricter piety among some, and the opposite among others.
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14
Among the long-term results of the Black Death, the most important was:
The end of serfdom in Western Europe
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15
During the Black Death, in the (Venetian at the time) city of Dubrovnik, a new practice was invented. What was it?
Quarantine
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16
Who argued that disease played a central role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the article you read.
Alfred Crosby
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17
The deadliest of these diseases (during Spanish conquest), according to this author, was _________________?
Smallpox
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18
Name another factor apart from disease that helped Spain conquer Mexico and Peru:
Steel, gunpowder, horses, ships, leadership, differences in nature and purpose of warfare, religion, civil war among Mexicans, chance aid from Marina.
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19
Disease actually killed the ruler of the Inca Empire before the Spanish even arrived. True or false?
True
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20
By the end of this course, you will have memorized ___________'s postulates!
Koch
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21
To explain how a particular disease swept through the British troops but not the Americans, McNeill deployed the concept of:
Differential Immunity
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22
The disease in McNeill discussed (in relation to British troops) was?
Malaria
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23
The microorganism that causes malaria is:
a parasite
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24
A technique to prevent epidemics of smallpox called ___________________ had been practiced in Asia and Africa for centuries before Europeans "discovered" it.
variolation
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25
The individual who popularized this techniqe (variolation) in Great Britain was:
Lady Wortly Montagu
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26
Before the British, led by future Queen Caroline, would try the new technique, a "royal experiment" was carried out on two populations often experimented upon by physicians. Which populations were they?
Prisoners and orphans
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27
Who weaponized smallpox in a "project to reduce the eastern Indians?"
Jeffrey Amherst
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28
\______________ designed the first vaccine. It used cowpox to protect against smallpox.
Jenner
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29
Several technical innovations contributed to the fight against smallpox. Among these were:
the bifurcated needle and the process of freeze drying
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30
The man who contributed the powerful concept of "surveillance and containment" to the eradication of smallpox is Atlanta resident:
Bill Foege
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31
Who proved the circulation of the blood?
Harvey
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32
What was the short Latin title of Harvey’s work?
De motu cordis
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33
Nuland called Harvey "fidgety" to describe his habit of carrying and using what weapon?
knife
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34
Who first used a microscope to discover microbial life that he called "animalcules?"
Leeuwenhoek
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35
What country did Leeuwenhoek come from?
Netherlands or Holland
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36
What technical problem made compound microscopes ineffective for over two centuries after their invention?
Chromatic Aberration
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37
Who is associated with the phrase, "Symptoms are the cry of the suffering organs?"
Morgagni
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38
What is the short Latin title of Morgagni’s magnificent book?
De Sedibus
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39
What is the dread disease, always fatal, that [he] Pasteur developed a vaccine against?
Rabies
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40
Andreas Vesalius is most associated with what university?
Padua
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41
What was the short Latin title of Vesalius’s book?
Fabrica
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42
When was it published?
1543
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43
An early "father" of western medicine, Hippocrates, rejected supernatural explanations for diseases. True or False?
True
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44
What did Rene Laennec invent?
Stethoscope
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45
Name the four humors:
Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile
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46
Aside from bleeding name another therapy intended to bring the humors into balance.
blistering, cupping, purging, use of laxatives, emetics, diuretics, praying
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47
Redi, Steno, and Malpighi are three Italian scientists who conducted experiments designed to disprove spontaneous generation and defend the ovist position. True or False?
True
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48
The Hippocratic Oath contains a statement about abortion. What is it?
Doctors mustn't perform them
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49
What Swiss-German scholar claimed to have created a "homunculus?"
Hohenheim
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50
Xavier Bichat believed that the "seat" of disease was in _________ and he identified 21 different kinds.
Tissues
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51
Who was "deceived by his monkeys?"
Galen
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52
A holistic approach to medicine in the ancient world was associated with the ______ school of thought, named for the island where Hippocrates lived.
Coan
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53
Its opposite, which focused on the disease rather than the patient, was called the _________ school.
Cnidian
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54
Aristotle was an ovist. True or False?
False
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55
What did Medieval physicians think the rete mirabile was?
the soul
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56
Name the Austrian who wrote of percussion as a diagnostic tool.
Auenbrugger
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57
A way to prevent puerperal fever was discovered by whom?
Semmelweiss
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58
Who performed the first tooth transplant?
Hunter
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59
Hunter discovered that inflammation was part of the healing process. True or False
True
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60
Who liked to say, "Chance favors the prepared mind?"
Pasteur
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61
The center of gravity in medicine moved in the 19th century from France to what two Continental European countries?
Germany and Austria
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62
Which Georgian first used surgical anesthesia?
Long
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63
Who first demonstrated surgical anesthesia publicly and is credited with the discovery?
Morton
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64
Whose work shut down the broad street pump?
Snow
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65
What disease was he combating?
cholera
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66
John Snow had help from key people. Name one.
Farr or Whitehead
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67
According to Nuland, Pasteur got the idea that microbes might cause disease (not just fermentation) from what man?
Lister
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68
The first vaccine created by Pasteur using attenuated (in this case aged) bacteria protected against
chicken cholera.
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69
For many years, Koch got credit for discovering the bacterium that causes ________, though Filippo Pacini had identified it 28 years earlier.
cholera
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70
Ambroise Paré was a 16th-century French surgeon known for developing a more rapid, though painful, technique for treating gun shot wounds. True or False?
False
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71
The Irish Giant is a character in Nuland's chapter about whom?
Hunter
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72
What disease killed Laennec?
tuberculosis
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73
Before Laennec renamed it, it had been known by the odd Greek name of "Fistula." True or False
False
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74
Even before Pasteur definitively proved the role of yeast in fermentation, someone else argued that yeast is a living organism. Who was he?
Schwann
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75
Name one disease whose control contributed to the rise of Europe's population in the 18th and 19th centuries.
plague or smallpox
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76
Name the leading British Sanitarian who wrote a report on Sanitary Conditions in the United Kingdom.
Chadwick
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Who was the "father" of the Clinico-Pathological Conference?
Morgagni
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First Koch Postulate
The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease and not present in healthy individuals.
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Second Koch Postulate
The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
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Third Koch Postulate
The culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.
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Fourth Koch Postulate
The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.
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82
CPC
clinico-pathological conference
\- symptoms
\- what you discovered on physical exam
\- what was discovered upon autopsy
\- accurately come up with diagnosis
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83
Discovered vector for Yersinia Pestis - flea Xenopsylla cheopis
Paul Louis Simond
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84
"Father of microbiology"
Louis Pasteur
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85
"Chance favors the prepared mind"
Louis Pasteur
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86
Helped develop rabies vaccine
Louis Pasteur
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87
Influenced by Lister
Louis Pasteur
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88
Wrote Fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
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89
Combined roles of lecturer and doctor-surgeon
Andreas Vesalius
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90
Associated with U of Padua
Andreas Vesalius
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91
Wrote De Motu Cordis
William Harvey
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92
Described heart's systemic circulation of 540 pounds of blood in the hour
William Harvey
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93
Inventor of the stethoscope
Rene Laennec
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94
Discovered mosquitos to be carrier of Yellow Fever
Carlos Finlay
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95
U.S Army physician who led the team that confirmed yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species
Walter Reed
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96
Discovered malaria parasite in stomach of mosquitos
Studied by 1 person
