hts 2080 final study

Who discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague?

Yersin

Who was sent to investigate the plague in Karachi, where he discovered the role of rats and fleas.

Simond

Simond worked for the _________?

Pasteur Institute

In the case of bubonic plague, humans and other mammals can be secondary hosts. Rodents and fleas may be considered primary hosts with fleas also acting as: _____________?

vectors

Etiology means _____________?

the cause of a disease

A disease that can jump from animals to humans is called a ________________________?

zoonotic disease

Who wrote the Decameron?

Boccaccio

The bacterium that causes bubonic plague also causes two other forms of the disease. Name one:

Pneumonic or Septicemic

If untreated, bubonic plague kills what percentage of its victims within about four days?

50%

The most characteristic symptom of bubonic plague is the presence of:

buboes

The Black Death reached Italy from the Black Sea port of:

Kaffa

Give the years of the Black Death:

1347-51

What are some of the short-term results of the Black Death?

A crisis of faith in the Church's promise of salvation; the practice of medicine by untrained and uneducated individuals; renewed and stricter piety among some, and the opposite among others.

Among the long-term results of the Black Death, the most important was:

The end of serfdom in Western Europe

During the Black Death, in the (Venetian at the time) city of Dubrovnik, a new practice was invented. What was it?

Quarantine

Who argued that disease played a central role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the article you read.

Alfred Crosby

The deadliest of these diseases (during Spanish conquest), according to this author, was _________________?

Smallpox

Name another factor apart from disease that helped Spain conquer Mexico and Peru:

Steel, gunpowder, horses, ships, leadership, differences in nature and purpose of warfare, religion, civil war among Mexicans, chance aid from Marina.

Disease actually killed the ruler of the Inca Empire before the Spanish even arrived. True or false?

True

By the end of this course, you will have memorized ___________'s postulates!

Koch

To explain how a particular disease swept through the British troops but not the Americans, McNeill deployed the concept of:

Differential Immunity

The disease in McNeill discussed (in relation to British troops) was?

Malaria

The microorganism that causes malaria is:

a parasite

A technique to prevent epidemics of smallpox called ___________________ had been practiced in Asia and Africa for centuries before Europeans "discovered" it.

variolation

The individual who popularized this techniqe (variolation) in Great Britain was:

Lady Wortly Montagu

Before the British, led by future Queen Caroline, would try the new technique, a "royal experiment" was carried out on two populations often experimented upon by physicians. Which populations were they?

Prisoners and orphans

Who weaponized smallpox in a "project to reduce the eastern Indians?"

Jeffrey Amherst

\______________ designed the first vaccine. It used cowpox to protect against smallpox.

Jenner

Several technical innovations contributed to the fight against smallpox. Among these were:

the bifurcated needle and the process of freeze drying

The man who contributed the powerful concept of "surveillance and containment" to the eradication of smallpox is Atlanta resident:

Bill Foege

Who proved the circulation of the blood?

Harvey

What was the short Latin title of Harvey’s work?

De motu cordis

Nuland called Harvey "fidgety" to describe his habit of carrying and using what weapon?

knife

Who first used a microscope to discover microbial life that he called "animalcules?"

Leeuwenhoek

What country did Leeuwenhoek come from?

Netherlands or Holland

What technical problem made compound microscopes ineffective for over two centuries after their invention?

Chromatic Aberration

Who is associated with the phrase, "Symptoms are the cry of the suffering organs?"

Morgagni

What is the short Latin title of Morgagni’s magnificent book?

De Sedibus

What is the dread disease, always fatal, that [he] Pasteur developed a vaccine against?

Rabies

Andreas Vesalius is most associated with what university?

Padua

What was the short Latin title of Vesalius’s book?

Fabrica

When was it published?

1543

An early "father" of western medicine, Hippocrates, rejected supernatural explanations for diseases. True or False?

True

What did Rene Laennec invent?

Stethoscope

Name the four humors:

Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile

Aside from bleeding name another therapy intended to bring the humors into balance.

blistering, cupping, purging, use of laxatives, emetics, diuretics, praying

Redi, Steno, and Malpighi are three Italian scientists who conducted experiments designed to disprove spontaneous generation and defend the ovist position. True or False?

True

The Hippocratic Oath contains a statement about abortion. What is it?

Doctors mustn't perform them

What Swiss-German scholar claimed to have created a "homunculus?"

Hohenheim

Xavier Bichat believed that the "seat" of disease was in _________ and he identified 21 different kinds.

Tissues

Who was "deceived by his monkeys?"

Galen

A holistic approach to medicine in the ancient world was associated with the ______ school of thought, named for the island where Hippocrates lived.

Coan

Its opposite, which focused on the disease rather than the patient, was called the _________ school.

Cnidian

Aristotle was an ovist. True or False?

False

What did Medieval physicians think the rete mirabile was?

the soul

Name the Austrian who wrote of percussion as a diagnostic tool.

Auenbrugger

A way to prevent puerperal fever was discovered by whom?

Semmelweiss

Who performed the first tooth transplant?

Hunter

Hunter discovered that inflammation was part of the healing process. True or False

True

Who liked to say, "Chance favors the prepared mind?"

Pasteur

The center of gravity in medicine moved in the 19th century from France to what two Continental European countries?

Germany and Austria

Which Georgian first used surgical anesthesia?

Long

Who first demonstrated surgical anesthesia publicly and is credited with the discovery?

Morton

Whose work shut down the broad street pump?

Snow

What disease was he combating?

cholera

John Snow had help from key people. Name one.

Farr or Whitehead

According to Nuland, Pasteur got the idea that microbes might cause disease (not just fermentation) from what man?

Lister

The first vaccine created by Pasteur using attenuated (in this case aged) bacteria protected against

chicken cholera.

For many years, Koch got credit for discovering the bacterium that causes ________, though Filippo Pacini had identified it 28 years earlier.

cholera

Ambroise Paré was a 16th-century French surgeon known for developing a more rapid, though painful, technique for treating gun shot wounds. True or False?

False

The Irish Giant is a character in Nuland's chapter about whom?

Hunter

What disease killed Laennec?

tuberculosis

Before Laennec renamed it, it had been known by the odd Greek name of "Fistula." True or False

False

Even before Pasteur definitively proved the role of yeast in fermentation, someone else argued that yeast is a living organism. Who was he?

Schwann

Name one disease whose control contributed to the rise of Europe's population in the 18th and 19th centuries.

plague or smallpox

Name the leading British Sanitarian who wrote a report on Sanitary Conditions in the United Kingdom.

Chadwick

Who was the "father" of the Clinico-Pathological Conference?

Morgagni

First Koch Postulate

The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease and not present in healthy individuals.

Second Koch Postulate

The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

Third Koch Postulate

The culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.

Fourth Koch Postulate

The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.

CPC

clinico-pathological conference

\- symptoms

\- what you discovered on physical exam

\- what was discovered upon autopsy

\- accurately come up with diagnosis

Discovered vector for Yersinia Pestis - flea Xenopsylla cheopis

Paul Louis Simond

"Father of microbiology"

Louis Pasteur

"Chance favors the prepared mind"

Louis Pasteur

Helped develop rabies vaccine

Louis Pasteur

Influenced by Lister

Louis Pasteur

Wrote Fabrica

Andreas Vesalius

Combined roles of lecturer and doctor-surgeon

Andreas Vesalius

Associated with U of Padua

Andreas Vesalius

Wrote De Motu Cordis

William Harvey

Described heart's systemic circulation of 540 pounds of blood in the hour

William Harvey

Inventor of the stethoscope

Rene Laennec

Discovered mosquitos to be carrier of Yellow Fever

Carlos Finlay

U.S Army physician who led the team that confirmed yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species

Walter Reed

Discovered malaria parasite in stomach of mosquitos

Ronald Ross

Father of American Surgery

William Steward Halsted

Radical mastectomy

William Steward Halsted

Use gloves

William Steward Halsted

Deceived by the monkeys

Galen