Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 With complete verified solutions + Rationales

Anatomy

The science of body structures and relationships

( to cut up)

Physiology

The science of body functions (how the body works)

The 6 levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

Atoms

the smallest unit of matter

Cells

smallest unit of life

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

Chemical level

The most basic level of organization where atoms and molecules are found

Cellular level

the level of organization where molecules combine to form cells

Tissue level

The level of organization where cells and surrounding materials form tissues

Tissues

Groups of cells and materials surrounding them; gather to form tissues

Organ level

The level of organization where tissues are joined together to form organs

Organs

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue

System level

the level of organization where related organs work together to achieve a common function

System

related organs with common function

Organismal level

all parts of the body functioning together, any living individual

6 characteristics of living organism(human)

metabolism,responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Metabolism

sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body

Catabolism

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simple components

Anabolism

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Responsiveness

body's ability to detect and respond to changes

Movement

motion of the whole body (in & out)

Growth

Increase in body size

hypertrophy

increase in size of the cells

hyperplasia

increase in # of cells

Differentiation

Development of a cell from an specialized state to a specialized state Ex. stem cells

Reproduction

formation of new cells in the production of a new individual

Autopsy

a postmortem examination of the body and internal organs to determine cause of death

Homeostasis

a condition of balance in the body's internal environment

Intracellular fluid ( ICF)

fluid within the cells

Extracellular fluid (EFC)

fluid outside the cells

Interstitial fluid

extracellular fluid between the cells and tissues

What maintains homeostasis?

Mainly by the nervous sytem via nerve impluses and endoctorine system throough via hormones

Components of a feedback system

receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. sends information to the control center

Control Center

also known as the brain, evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command

Effector

receives output information from control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Positive feedback

Strengthen or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions Ex. labor

Negative feedback

Reverses a change in a controlled condition Ex. blood pressure

Anatomical position

subjects stands erect facing the observer, head level and eyes facing directly forward.

The feet are flat on the floor and directly forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms turned forward.

Prone position

body is lying face down

Supine position

body is lying face up

Directional terms

describe the position of one part of the body in relation to another part of the body

Anterior/ventral

toward the front of the body

Posterior/dorsal

toward the back of the body

Superior/cephalic

toward the head

Inferior/caudal

away from the head

Deep/internal

away from the body surface

Proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial/external

toward or on the body surface

Lateral

farther from the midline

Medial

nearer to the midline

Intermediate

inbetween 2 structures

Contralateral

opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Planes

imaginary surfaces that pass through the body

Sagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Midsagittal Plane

a plane that divides body into equal left and right sides

Parasagittal Plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body or an organ into anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal portions

Transverse/horizonal Plane

Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Oblique Plane

passes through the body or organ at an angle

Body cavities

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

Cranial Cavity

Cavity that protects the brain and is formed by the cranial bones

membrane

tissue that covers, lines, sections or connects structures

Serous membrane

double layered membrane, made up of 2 layers

-parietal layer-thin layer that lines the walls of the cavities

-visural layer-thin layer than covers the organs (vicera)/closest to the organ

Serous fluid

lubricating fluid between the 2 membranes: Parietal & Visceral

Why is there fluid between the 2 membranes (parietal & visceral)?

to reduce the friction of reoccurring movements such as inhalation & exhalation

Vertebral canal

Formed by bones of the vertebral column, contains spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Cavity formed by ribs, chest muscles, sternum, and part of the vertebral column

Pericardial Cavity

Fluid filled space within the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavity

Two fluid- filled spaces , within the thoracic cavity, that surround each lung

Mediastinum

Central part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs9 first rib to the diaphragm

Diaphragm

Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones.

Abdominal Cavity

Small cavity made up of stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines (colon)

Pelvic Cavity

Small cavity made up of urinary bladder, internal organs of reproduction system, and portions of large intestine (only part)

Parietal Layer

(a thin epithelium) layer of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the cavities

Visceral Layer

(a thin epithelium) layer of the serous membrane that covers the viscera within the cavities

Pleura

Serous membrane of the lung (both) cavities.

-parietal pleura (rt & lf)

-visceral pleura (rt & lf)

-pleura caviety

Pericardium

Serous membrane of the heart cavities.

-parietal pericardium

-visceral pericardium

-pericardium cavity

Peritoneum

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

-consists of 2 membranes & 1 cavity

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

peritoneum cavity

Medical imaging

techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body. Types: 1. Radiography 2. Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI) 3. Diffusion Tensor Imagine (DTI) 4. Computed Tomography (CT) 5. Coronary (Cardiac) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan 6. Ultrasound Scanning 7. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 8. Radionuclide Scanning 9. Endosocopy

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomiopelvic cavity?

the diaphragm

Retroperitoneal organs

located behind the parietal peritoneium in the space between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

-kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodeum (rt off the stomach) of small intestine, ascending & decending colons (lrg intestine)