Neuropharmacology Exam 3

what is the definition of hallucinations

perceptions without external stimuli

what is the definition of illusions

distorted perceptions of external stimuli

what age groups make up the biggest percentage of hallucinogenic users in the past year

18-25 in other words college students

what is the trend line of hallucinogenic use in 19–30-year-olds over the years

from 1988-2019 the percent of individuals is between 3-5% however in 2019 the percentage spiked to 8%

what percent of kids in 8th grade have had use hallucinogenic in their lifetime What

1%

what percent of kids in 12th grade have had use hallucinogenic in their lifetime

3%

what years cause a spike in lifetime use in kids in 6th-12th grade

70s and 97s

what group of kids are not doing hallucinogenic

6 graders

When comparing the use of hallucinogens between full-time college students and non-college students, what do we find?

higher use in non-college

what are the general effects of hallucinogenic drugs

hallucinations, intact cognitive function and memory, mixed up sensory modalities, altered time sense, exaggerated mood, and nausea and vomiting

what does an altered time sense mean

time feels like it is speeding up or slowing down

what does exaggerated mood often rely on?

often related to pre-drug mood, meaning if you are upset you will be more upset on the drug.

what does mixed up sensory modalities mean

when someone describes seeing sounds or tasting colors

why do hallucinogenic drugs cause vomiting

because it causes a surge in norepinephrine and dopamine

do I love you?

yes so VERY much

what structure are most hallucinogenic drugs like

5-HT

most hallucinogenic drugs are what?

5-HT2a agonist

what does LSD bind to?

lots of things 1A,1B,1D,2A,2C,5A,6,7

why is DMT ineffective when taken orally

beta carbolines inhibit MAO so DMT isn’t metabolized

what is one of ayahuasca active ingredient

DMT

what was DMT synthesized into

into a powered form that can be smoked or snorted

what was the issues with the powdered form of DMT and what was it referred to as

has a short half-life people called it “lunch hour LSD”

what is 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine

5-MeO-DMT is orally active synthetic version of DMT

what is 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine also known as

foxy methoxy or just foxy

what plant does salvia come from

salvinorin A

what effect does salvia have on 5-HT receptors

no effect

is salvia a 5-ht agonist

nope

what kind of agonist is salvia

k-opioid receptor agonist

what kind of properties can salvia be related to

pain killers

what is salvia inactivated by

gastric juices

what kind of administration is salvia

transdermal through mouth (chewed) or smoked

how long does salvia hallucinations last

short-lasting (15 minutes)

what type of hallucination can you experience on salvia

out of body experience and becoming a foreign object

what is ibogaine in a low dose

stimulant

what is ibogaine in a high dose

visual and auditory hallucinations

what type of unique hallucinations can ibogaine create

can create near death experience

what does it mean to have a hallucination of a near death experience

spiritual, out of body, light at the end of the tunnel, memory dump

what kind of agonist is ibogaine and at what receptor

partial agonist at k and mew opioid receptors

what antagonist is ibogaine

NMDA receptor

what does ibogaine inhibit

reuptake of 5-HT and dopamine

what kind of admission is ibogaine

transdermal

what kind of function is a near death experience

localized function in the brain

in 1960 was ibogaine used for

recreational use

in 1962 what was ibogaine used for

treatment for opioid addiction but this is not FDA approved

what is the active ingredient in nutmeg

myristicin

what is myristicin also used for

insecticide

what is nutmeg most likely metabolized into

MDMA

what is nutmegs TI

7

what is another name for anti-cholinergic

witch’s brew

what are the four types of witch’s brew we talked about in class

mandrake, belladonna (deadly nightshade), henbane, jimsonweed

what are the active ingredients in ant-cholinergic

atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine

what type of antagonists are anti-cholinergic

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

what sensation are anti-cholinergic known to give

sensation of flying