ch1 immunology

herd immunity

decreasing the number of individuals who can carry and spread an infectious agent, decreases chances of those susceptible becoming infected

humoral immunity vs cell mediated

antibodies (antiserum) neutralized toxins and agglutinate bacteria in the bloodstream, t cells kill infected host cells

passive vs active immunity

transferring antibodies to another person (not lifelong), natural infection or vaccine activating ones OWN immunity (memory)

an immune response depends on the

type of pathogen and the microenvironment

PRRs

recognize PAMPS an label them for destruction enacting innate immunity (inherited)

generation of diversity

dna rearrangement allows b and t cells to each have unique surface receptors, the cells with the matching antigen clones creating an army (not inherited)

innate immunity

physical barriers, PRRs, phagocytosis, inflammation, complement (serum proteins that flag pathogens)

the adaptive response is activated by

 phagocytosis presenting antigens to t cells

adaptive immunity (acquired)

a t or b cell with the specific antigen receptors from dna rearrangement proliferates, attacks the infection 5-6 days later, and remembers

sentinel cells

tissue residing, alarm system

cytokines

messengers produced by t helper cells, chemokines recruit specific cells, promote inflammation

cytotoxic t cells

identify infected host cells (intracellular)

b cell recognition by

extracellular of pathogens

immunologic memory

ability to respond more efficiently when reencountering a pathogen sometimes without symptoms

hypersensitivity

allergy/asthma, anaphylaxis, IgE

anaphylaxis

extreme, rapid, and often lethal reaction of the immune system to something previously encountered, opposite of vaccine

immune deficiency primary vs secondary

genetic vs acquired

immune imbalance

extra inflammation or reduced immune inhibition can be due to environment and behavioral changes

immune inhibitory drugs

prevent rejection of transplants but leaves susceptible to opportunistic pathogens

antigens can be

proteins, molecules, foreign particles, allergens, or pathogens, bind to specific antibody or t cell receptor

antibody

binds to antigens, y shaped protein made by b cells marks pathogens for destruction

tolerance

ensures immune system does not destroy host tissue

the effectiveness of immunity is influenced by

age, nutrition, stress, and disease

types of pathogens

viruses(rely on host cells to rep), bacteria (single celled organisms), fungi (mold/yeast, ans), parasites (ium)

apoptosis

good cell death

inflammation

increases vascular permeability and recruits immune cells to the site of infection

A pathogen that enters through a cut in the skin will first encounter

phagocytosis

 

Eosinophilic response

defends against large extracellular parasites like helminths

A pathogen has successfully evaded phagocytosis. Which immune mechanism is most likely to eliminate this pathogen

 

T-cell-mediated lysis of infected cells

secondary lymphoid organs are the sites where

mature antigen specific lymphocytes encounter antigens and differentiate into effector and memory cells

hematopoiesis

occurs in the bone marrow and is the process of HSCs differentiating into red and white blood cells