Biology - PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Kingdom Plantae

They are primarily non-motile and live anchored to a substrate.

Dermal, Ground, Vascular

What are the three Plant Tissues?

Dermal Tissues

Forms epidermis, usually one cell layer

Stomata

Pores for gas exchange

Trichomes

Leaf hairs, protect against herbivores and damaging solar radiation

Root hairs

Increase root surface area

Cuticle

A waxy substance that limits water loss, reflects damaging solar radiation, and form a barrier against pathogens

Ground Tissues

The most abundant tissue

Parenchyma

Most abundant, carry out photosynthesis, store protein and starch

Collenchyma

Elongated, thick cell walls, areas of active growth

Sclerenchyma

Thick cell walls reinforced with lignin, programmed cell death, cell walls remain to provide support

Vascular Tissues

Transport System

Xylem

Carries water and minerals from roots to rest of plants, composed of dead cells

Phloem

Composed of living cells, moves carbohydrates from production sites to where they are either used or stored

Leaves, Stems, Roots

What are the PLANT ORGANS?

Apex

What is the part of number 1?

Margins

What is the part of number 2?

Veins

What is the part of number 3?

Midrib

What is the part of number 4?

Base

What is the part of number 5?

Petiole

What is the part of number 6?

Stipule

What is the part of number 7?

Base

What is the part of number 8?

Spines

In most xerophytes (plants that grow in regions with scarce water), the leaves are reduced to spines but still take the responsibility of doing photosynthesis. The spines help reduce water loss and is also useful in absorbing droplets of water from the fog.

Succulent Leaves

fleshy leaves that that serve as a storage part for water as well as reserve materials. The plants can survive for months without even a single drop of water and may turn brown.

Tendrils

Found in climbers where leaf of plants are modified into elongated structures to help the plants climb efficiently.

Swollen Petioles

Aquatic plants that have bulged petioles filled with air and help the plant float in water.

Reproductive Leaves

Adventitious buds along their leaf margins. These buds develop roots while on the parent plant as they mature, they fall off the plant and start growing into a new plant when they land on nearby soil.

Sheathy Leaf Bases

Found in plants that lack woody stems. The leaf base is expanded into a sheath that is rolled over one another in layers as new leaves grow. The sheathy leaf bases combine to form the pseudostem that’s supports the plant to stand erect

Traps

Plants that grow in nitrogen deficient places have modified their leaves to get this. The leaves may be modified into a pod which is used to attract insects and other tiny animals to fall inside and digest them. The inner walls secrete digestive enzymes that help digest the insects and extract the nitrogen needed for the plant.

Bulbs

Leaves modified as storage organ.

Bud Scales

Tough, overlapping, waterproof leaves that protect buds from frost, desiccation, and pathogens. Bud scales form before the onset of unfavorable growing seasons i.e. winter.

Bract

A modified leaf or scale, typically small, with a flower or flower cluster in its axil. Bracts are sometimes larger and more brightly coloured than the true flower.

Nodes and Internodes

A plant's stem consists of?

Internodes

The space between nodes on a stem.

Apical Buds or Terminal Buds

Occur at the end, or apex, of stems.

Axillary Buds

Occur at a leaf node, which is where a leaf emerges from the stem of a stem

Lenticels

Helps in the gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissue of the stem.

Lenticels

helps in allowing the oxygen into and carbon dioxide out.

Lenticular Transpiration

The lenticels also helps in transpiration called as the __________.

Closes

The lenticular transpiration occurs when the stomata ______.

Rhizome

They are also called creeping rootstalk, horizontal underground plant stems capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant.

Corm

Stem that grows in vertical direction.It is spherical in shape with a flattened base. It has distinct nodes and internodes.

Tubers

Enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients

Runner/Stolon

Runs horizontally on the surface of the soil. It break off and grow into an independent plant giving rise to vegetative propagation.

Sucker

It moves horizontally under the soil for a distance and then grows obliquely upwards.

Offset

It is found in aquatic plants, it has lateral branch with short internode and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots.

Thorn

They are straight, pointed, hard or woody structures.

Roots

Anchor a vascular plant to the soil, absorb minerals and water, and often store carbohydrates

Root system

Subterranean or underground part of the plant.

Shoot

Aboveground part of the plant.

Geotropism

The cause why roots are growing downward.

Taproot and Fibrous root

What are the two types of roots?

Buttress

Aerial extensions of lateral surface roots and form only in certain species. It stabilizes the tree, especially in shallow saturated soils.

Prop roots

A modified roots that arise from the stem of certain plants and provide extra support.

Pneumatophores

An aerial root specialized for gaseous exchange.

Aerial/Strangling roots

Extend to the ground, supporting the growing plant, which eventually strangles the host tree.

Storage roots

It becomes enlarged and swollen due to the storage of food.

Fruit

The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.

Exocarp

The outermost layer of the pericarp

Mesocarp

The middle layer of a fruit, the usually fleshy plump part

Endocarp

The inner region of the pericarp and can consist of layers of different textures or consistency that surround and protect the seed

Drupe

A type of fleshy fruit containing a large seed

Berries

A fleshy fruit formed from the ovary of one flower with a seed or seeds embedded in the flesh.

Pomes

Fruits that have a fleshy area surrounding a core containing seeds.

Hesperidia

Fruits have a thick tangy rind and sectioned pulp inside.

Pepo

Fruits have multiple seeds throughout the flesh or grouped together in the center.