Time Period 4 (1800-1848)

Election of 1800

Known as the 'Revolution of 1800,' it marked the first peaceful transition of power between parties in U.S. history.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling U.S. territory.

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned U.S. exports to Britain and France to avoid war, but it backfired economically.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to declare federal laws unconstitutional.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Balanced slave and free states; slavery prohibited north of 36°30′ line.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff aimed at protecting U.S. manufacturers from European competition.

Jacksonian Democracy

Expansion of suffrage to all white males and the focus on the common man rather than elite leadership.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized forced relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native Americans resulting in thousands of deaths.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant revival that emphasized personal salvation and inspired various reform movements.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Ruled that federal laws are supreme over state laws, establishing federal power.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Federal government regulates interstate commerce, not individual states.

Nullification Crisis (1832–33)

A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 and restored prewar boundaries, confirming U.S. independence.

First Barbary War (1801–1805)

First major overseas military action by the U.S. Navy to protect commerce in the Mediterranean.

War of 1812

A conflict with Britain that resulted in renewed nationalism and the decline of the Federalist Party.

Tecumseh’s War (1811–1813)

Native American resistance to U.S. expansion in the Northwest led by Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

Black Hawk War (1832)

Conflict where Sauk and Fox tribes attempted to reclaim land in Illinois.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.; clarified southern and western boundaries.

Supreme Court

Consistently asserted federal power over states in landmark rulings.

Henry Clay’s American System

Economic plan to promote protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established that states cannot invalidate contracts, protecting private property rights.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Protected private charters from state interference.

Specie Circular (1836)

Required public land purchases to be made in gold or silver, contributing to Panic of 1837.

Cheap Land Policy

Encouraged westward expansion and settlement in new territories.

Transportation Revolution

Improvements in transportation, such as railroads and canals, facilitated commerce.

Cotton gin

Invention by Eli Whitney that revitalized slavery by increasing cotton production.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing individualism and moral conscience, associated with Emerson and Thoreau.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention advocating for suffrage and equality.

Abolition Movement

Movement advocating to end slavery, spearheaded by activists like Garrison and Douglass.

Economic Nationalism

Policies aimed at protecting and promoting U.S. industry and trade.

Market Revolution

Shift from self-sufficient farming to a commercial economy driven by market forces.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages and working conditions.

Compromise Tariff (1833)

Reduced tariffs to resolve the Nullification Crisis and preserve the Union.

Oregon Trail

Major route for settlers moving westward to Oregon and California, facilitating migration.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruled states cannot regulate Native American lands, affirming tribal sovereignty.

Political Conflicts of 1800s

Debate and conflict between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over federal power.

Cultural Nationalism

National identity reflected in American literature and art during the period.

Jackson vs. Congress

Andrew Jackson often clashed with Congress over his use of executive power.

Indian Removal Policies

Government actions aimed at forcibly relocating Native American tribes.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Settled border disputes between the U.S. and Britain, preventing military conflict.

Economic Disparity North vs. South

Contrasting economic systems leading to sectional tensions and conflict.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region or section rather than the country as a whole, often over slavery.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Legislation creating 'Midnight Judges' to secure Federalist control of the judiciary.

Expansionism

The policy of territorial or economic expansion, significantly during the antebellum period.

Decline of the Federalist Party

Result of perceived unpatriotic behavior, especially after the War of 1812.

Civil War Preconditions

Tensions building due to conflicts over slavery and states' rights leading up to the Civil War.