Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology

studied byStudied by 12 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 172

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

173 Terms

1

Mediastinum

The space within the thoracic cavity between the lungs where the human heart is located.

New cards
2

Pericardium

The protective sac surrounding the heart that separates it from other mediastinal structures and contains the pericardial cavity.

New cards
3

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abnormal enlargement of the heart muscle without a clear cause, potentially leading to unexplained death in healthy individuals.

New cards
4

Atria

Heart chambers that receive blood from either the systemic or pulmonary circuits.

New cards
5

Ventricles

Heart chambers responsible for pumping blood into either the systemic or pulmonary circuits.

New cards
6

Pulmonary trunk

Blood vessel carrying blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, branching into the pulmonary arteries.

New cards
7

Septum

A partition dividing the heart into chambers, including the interatrial and interventricular septum.

New cards
8

Valves

Specialized structures ensuring one-way blood flow in the heart, including atrioventricular and semilunar valves.

New cards
9

Coronary arteries

Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygenated blood.

New cards
10

Autorhythmicity

The ability of cardiac muscle to generate electrical impulses independently, regulating the heart's contraction rate.

New cards
11

Cardiac Cycle

The period from atrial contraction to ventricular relaxation.

New cards
12

Diastole

The relaxation phase when the heart chambers fill with blood.

New cards
13

Systole

The contraction phase when the heart pumps blood into circulation.

New cards
14

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Volume of ventricles before contraction.

New cards
15

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Blood remaining in ventricles after contraction.

New cards
16

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle.

New cards
17

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.

New cards
18

Bradycardia

Resting heart rate below 60 BPM in adults.

New cards
19

Tachycardia

Resting heart rate above 100 BPM in adults.

New cards
20

Baroreceptor Reflex

Monitors blood pressure changes to maintain cardiac homeostasis.

New cards
21

Catecholamines

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine that increase depolarization rate.

New cards
22

Thyroxin

Increases heart rate and contractility by acting at the genome level.

New cards
23

Fibrillation

Quivering or irregular heart rhythm.

New cards
24

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels leading to arrhythmias.

New cards
25

Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels causing the heart to become weak and flaccid, eventually failing.

New cards
26

Acidosis

Blood being too acidic.

New cards
27

Alkalosis

Blood being too alkaline, affecting enzyme function and heart rate.

New cards
28

Hyperthermia

Elevated body temperature increasing heart rate and contraction strength.

New cards
29

Hypothermia

Lowered body temperature slowing heart rate and contractions.

New cards
30

Preload

Stretch on the ventricles before contraction.

New cards
31

Sarcomeres

Basic contractile unit of a myocyte.

New cards
32

Frank-Starling mechanism

Force of heart contraction proportional to muscle fiber length.

New cards
33

Venous return

Blood flow from periphery back to the right atrium.

New cards
34

Contractility

Force of heart muscle contraction.

New cards
35

Afterload

Ventricular tension against vascular resistance for effective pumping.

New cards
36

Positive inotropic factors

Increase contractility (e.g., sympathetic stimulation).

New cards
37

Negative inotropic factors

Decrease contractility (e.g., parasympathetic stimulation).

New cards
38

Stroke volume

Determined by preload, contractility, and afterload.

New cards
39

Artery

Vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

New cards
40

Vein

Vessel returning blood to the heart.

New cards
41

Lumen

Hollow passageway for blood flow in vessels.

New cards
42

Vasa vasorum

Vessels within larger vessels distributing oxygen and nutrients.

New cards
43

Tunica intima

Innermost layer of veins/arteries regulating blood flow and pressure.

New cards
44

Tunica media

Middle layer with smooth muscle in veins/arteries.

New cards
45

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of veins/arteries preventing movement.

New cards
46

Elastic arteries

Close to the heart with elastic fibers in all tunics.

New cards
47

Muscular arteries

Further from the heart with more smooth muscle.

New cards
48

Arteriole

Small artery leading to capillaries, regulating blood flow.

New cards
49

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels supplying blood to tissues.

New cards
50

Perfusion

Process of supplying blood to tissues.

New cards
51

Continuous capillaries

Complete endothelial lining with tight junctions.

New cards
52

Fenestrated capillaries

Capillaries with pores in addition to tight junctions.

New cards
53

Sinusoid capillaries

Flattened capillaries with extensive gaps, found in specific organs.

New cards
54

Precapillary Sphincters

Control blood flow from metarterioles to thoroughfare channels when closed.

New cards
55

Arteriovenous Anastomosis

Direct connections between small arteries and veins.

New cards
56

Vasomotion

Irregular blood flow through capillary beds regulated by chemical signals.

New cards
57

Venules

Extremely small veins connecting capillary beds to larger veins.

New cards
58

Emigration/Diapedesis

Movement of leukocytes from circulation to tissues at venules.

New cards
59

Veins vs

Veins have thinner walls, larger lumens, and valves for unidirectional flow.

New cards
60

Venous Reserve

Blood stored in veins for redistribution in the body.

New cards
61

Capacitance Vessels

Veins, referred to as they can hold blood in addition to returning it to the heart.

New cards
62

Blood Flow

Movement of blood through vessels, tissues, or organs.

New cards
63

Blood Pressure

Force on blood vessel walls or heart chambers.

New cards
64

Systolic Pressure

Arterial pressure during ventricular contraction.

New cards
65

Diastolic Pressure

Arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation.

New cards
66

Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

New cards
67

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average blood pressure in arteries.

New cards
68

Ischemia

Insufficient blood flow leading to tissue damage.

New cards
69

Hypoxia

Inadequate tissue oxygenation.

New cards
70

Pulse

Expansion and recoil of arteries due to heart contraction.

New cards
71

Compliance

Ability of a compartment to expand with increased content.

New cards
72

Poiseuille's Equation

Describes blood flow in vessels based on pressure, radius, length, and viscosity.

New cards
73

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Increases venous pressure with muscle contraction to counteract gravity.

New cards
74

Vasomotor Centers

Control contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica media.

New cards
75

Baroreceptors

Specialized stretch receptors in the heart and blood vessels.

New cards
76

Atrial Reflex

Triggers sympathetic stimulation to increase cardiac output.

New cards
77

Chemoreceptors

Monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH.

New cards
78

Endocrine Regulation

Involves hormones like catecholamines and interactions with the kidneys.

New cards
79

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

Uses renin and angiotensin to regulate blood pressure.

New cards
80

Autoregulation of Perfusion

Relies on local self-regulatory mechanisms.

New cards
81

Chemical Signals

Regulate opening and closing of precapillary sphincters.

New cards
82

Myogenic Response

Reaction to stretching of smooth muscle in arterioles.

New cards
83

Circulatory Shock

Condition where the circulatory system can't maintain blood flow.

New cards
84

Role of Circulatory System in Digestive System

Absorbs nutrients and water.

New cards
85

Role of Circulatory System in Endocrine System

Delivers hormones for homeostasis.

New cards
86

Role of Circulatory System in Integumentary System

Carries clotting factors and regulates temperature.

New cards
87

Role of Circulatory System in Lymphatic System

Transports white blood cells and excess fluid.

New cards
88

Role of Circulatory System in Muscular System

Provides nutrients for contraction.

New cards
89

Role of Circulatory System in Nervous System

Regulates cardiac output and blood flow.

New cards
90

Role of Circulatory System in Respiratory System

Facilitates gas exchange.

New cards
91

Role of Circulatory System in Skeletal System

Provides minerals for bone matrix.

New cards
92

Development of Blood Vessels

Establishment of fetal circulation patterns.

New cards
93

Blood as Connective Tissue

Made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix.

New cards
94

Cellular Elements

The formed elements in blood, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

New cards
95

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

New cards
96

Extracellular Matrix

Plasma, the liquid component of blood.

New cards
97

Primary Function of Blood

To deliver oxygen, nutrients, and remove wastes from body cells.

New cards
98

Blood Defense

White blood cells (WBCs) protect the body from external and internal threats.

New cards
99

Blood Homeostasis

Blood regulates body temperature, chemical balance, and water content.

New cards
100

Hematocrit

A test measuring the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 64 people
213 days ago
4.7(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 26 people
891 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
514 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
688 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
903 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
760 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 67 people
701 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
758 days ago
5.0(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (92)
studied byStudied by 11 people
841 days ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (116)
studied byStudied by 10 people
800 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (43)
studied byStudied by 15 people
3 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 17 people
751 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 2 people
177 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (71)
studied byStudied by 42 people
385 days ago
5.0(4)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 41 people
88 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (222)
studied byStudied by 29 people
646 days ago
5.0(1)
robot